Gambling on the unconscious: A comparison of wagering and confidence ratings as measures of awareness in an artificial grammar task |
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Authors: | Zoltán Dienes Anil Seth |
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Affiliation: | 1. Laboratory of Cognition and Mental Health, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China;2. Department of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China;3. Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300074, China;4. Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;5. School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China |
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Abstract: | We explore three methods for measuring the conscious status of knowledge using the artificial grammar learning paradigm. We show wagering is no more sensitive to conscious knowledge than simple verbal confidence reports but is affected by risk aversion. When people wager rather than give verbal confidence they are less ready to indicate high confidence. We introduce a “no-loss gambling” method which is insensitive to risk aversion. We show that when people are just as ready to bet on a genuine random process as their own classification decisions, their classifications are still above baseline, indicating knowledge participants are not aware of having. Our results have methodological implications for any study investigating whether people are aware of knowing. |
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