Mediating factors in the arousal-performance relationship

The arousal-performance relationship was investigated within a social facilitation experiment, in which two major task dimensions (cognitive-motor and difficulty) were manipulated and two arousal measures (palmar sweat and self-reports) were taken. Subjects (75 male and 75 female introductory psychology students) were randomly assigned to one of five audience conditions and one of three task difficulty levels. Each subject performed three tasks, which varied as to cognitive and motor requirements, under a uniform difficulty level. No significant differences were found on any arousal or performance measure due to the audience manipulation. Females were found to be more aroused by the audiences than males, on both arousal measures. When self-reported arousal scores were quintiled to create five post hoc arousal conditions, significant interactions between these conditions and task difficulty level were obtained for both the cognitive and motor tasks. (No significant differences were found using quintiled palmar sweat scores.) On the basis of the similar pattern of these interactions, it was concluded that the inverted-U function was obtained only on high-difficulty tasks.