中国的心理测量发展史

有关心理测量的思想起源于中国古代。但西方科学的心理测验理论与方法是20世纪初自西方传人中国的。30年的发展取得很大成绩,但道路艰辛曲折,文章分三个阶段对之作了回顾。一、最早是1915年外国学者为比较中美儿童的智力差异对广州500名小学生进行测试。同一时期,我国学者也开始自己编制测验,"小学生毛笔书法量表"是最早的标准化教育测验。廖世承和陈鹤琴1920年在南京高等师范开设测验课程,出版《心理测验法》一书,正式介绍科学的心理测验。与美国专家合作编制多种测验,1923年与美国专家合作对全国小学生进行测试,得出了三至八年级学童的年龄与班级常模,引起了教育界的注意。艾伟从1925年起致力编制中小学不同年级和学科的测验以及能力测验,还与张耀翔编制了识字测验与阅读测验等,对我国教育测验的发展做出了很大贡献。"中国测验学会"1931成立。并创办会刊《测验》有效地推动了当时测验研究的开展.1937年"七七"事变后,工作继续进行和扩展,但受战争的影响,发展上减慢了速度。二、1949年新中国成立后,由于政治上的变迁,心理测验被视为禁区,认为它违心,反动,没有人敢于问津。文化大革命中,心理学被打成伪科学,心理测验更是全盘否定了。三.文革以后,心理学恢复。而心理测验面对着既缺人力又少资料的困难。林传鼎等三位教授于1980年春举办了第一个全国性心理测验培训班,是心理测验再生的标志。此后各高等院校逐步开设心理测量学课程。通过引进各种心理测量理论,修订外国测验和逐步向自编我国测验发展,几年中取得了良好效果。1984年中国心理学会下属的‘心理测量分会’成立,1990年加入国际测验委员会(ITC)成为它的一个国家会员。1991年在南京举办了国内第一个心理测验国际性学术会议,又与台湾学者交流,建立起隔年一次海峡两岸心理与教育测量学术研讨会的协议。这些都对中国心理测验的发展都起了积极作用。80年代后期国家实行改革开放,经济转型,心理测验逐渐渗入医学、教育、企业、和组织人事部门等多种应用领域,扩大了对社会的影响。教育是其最早也是最重要的应用领域。从高考开始向各种考试、应用领域广泛扩展,取得良好效果。尤其是在人力资源、心理咨询领域,心理测验发展迅速日益兴旺。社会各界从多方面加深了对心理测量的认同,使它变成为一个相当热门的应用科学了。最后,文章从测验的数量、质量,数据处理的方法技术,测验者素质提高和法律完备等几个方面分析了存在问题并提出对今后的展望。

The History of Psychological Testing Development in China

While the thought of mental testing originated from ancient China,the science of Psychological Testing was first introduced into China during the first two decades of the 20th century when the first group of students who studied abroad returned.Looking back on its history,we can see the course of Psychological Testing development is quite tortuous.It can be divided into three periods.The first psychological test took place in 1915 in Guangzhou,where a foreign scholar tested 500 elementary students in order to compare the intellectual difference between Chinese and American children.At the same time,Chinese scholars started to develop tests by themselves,among which the Chinese Calligraphy Scale of Elementary School by Yu Ziyi in 1918 was the first local psychological test.In 1920,Liao Shicheng and Chen Heqin began to teach testing courses in Nanjing Teacher’s College and formally introduced the scientific Psychological Testing via the publication of Methods of Testing.In 1923,a nationwide large-scale intelligence and educational test was conducted in cooporation with an expert from America,obtaining age norms and grade norms of the 3rd to 8th grades,which attracted the attention of all educators.Since 1925,Ai Wei had been working on educational tests and developed a lot of tests for different grades and subjects for elementary schools and high schools.Together with Zhang Yaoxiang,Ai Wei also devoted himself to tests for learning Chinese characters and reading interest,and developed a Reading Scale eventually.In 1931,the Chinese Association of Testing was established and the journal Testing came out.After the War of Resistance Against Japan broke out,the work of testing continued and progressed.However,the pace of its development was impeded by the war.After the founding of New China,Psychological Testing turned into a forbidden area because of political transformation.The word "psychological" was misunderstood as the same as ideological and counter-revolutionary.Thus no one dared to touch it any more.Along with the advent of the Cultural Revolution in 1966,psychology was criticized as "pseudoscience" even more severely,and psychological testing was totally negated consequently.After the Cultural Revolution,Psychology resurrected.But Psychological Testing was caught in a predicament with neither human resource nor material references.It was not until 1980 when three senior professors initiated a small psychological testing training workshop that Psychological Testing really revived in China.Subsequently and gradually,many colleges started to teach psychological testing.With the introduction of updated theories,methods and technique,the development of local tests and some applied studies,Psychological Testing in China began to prosper.In 1984,a division of Psychological Testing under CPS was established,and in 1990 it obtained the membership in ITC.Since the late 1980s,along with the implementation of the Reform and Open-up Policy,testing permeated into more applied fields gradually,including medical,managerial,personnel and judicial areas.Besides education,personnel selection and counseling were the two main fields where psychological testing flourished.Up to now,Psychological Testing has become a hot discipline among various applied sciences.At the end of this paper,a prospect for Chinese psychological testing from four different aspects was proposed.