朱陆“心学”及其异同的几点观察

朱熹尽管批陆为禅,其学亦吸收了佛禅的“明心见性”思想。陆九渊虽自谓“心即理”之说得自孟子,实亦受到程朱影响。要之,二人都讲道德本心,分歧只在“尊德性”与“道问学”的关系上。朱子强调二者相辅相成,实则在“道问学”上用力较勤。象山强调“先立乎其大”“发明本心”,但亦未尽废“道问学”。朱批评陆自信太过,陆则以朱为支离。然而正是这些差异,使得朱陆之学得以相辅而互补。

On the Similarities and Discrepancies between Zhu Xi’s and Lu Jiuyuan’s Attitudes to Heart-Mind

Although Zhu Xi(1130-1200)criticized the Buddhist flavor in Lu Jiuyuan’s(1139-1193)views,Zhu also absorbed the thought of“mingxin jianxing”(be clear about heart-mind and make human nature appear)from Buddhism;Although Lu Jiuyuan claimed that his view of“xin ji li”(heart-mind is principle)came from Mencius(c.372-c.289 BCE),his doctrine was also influenced by Cheng Yi(1033-1107)and Zhu Xi’s thought.On all accounts,both Zhu Xi and Lu Jiuyuan discourse on human’s original moral heart-mind,and their discrepancies lie only in the relationship between“zun dexing”(respect virtues and human nature)and“dao wenxue”(study and ask about Dao).Zhu Xi stressed the two are auxiliary to each other and actually worked harder on“dao wenxue”,whereas Lu Jiuyuan laid emphasis on the enlightenment of the original heart-mind without negating“dao wenxue”.Zhu Xi criticized Lu Jiuyuan as overconfident while Lu Jiuyuan criticized Zhu Xi’s theory as fragmented.However,it is these discrepancies that make Zhu Xi’s and Lu Jiuyuan’adherences complimentary to each other.