Re-evaluating the extractive foraging hypothesis |
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| Institution: | 1. Team Motivation Brain & Behavior, ICM – Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, CNRS UMR 7225 – INSERM U1127 – UPMC UMR S 1127, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France;2. Department of African Zoology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium;3. Université Libre de Bruxelles, Laboratory of Histology and Neuropathology, Brussels, Belgium;4. UMR 7194 (HNHP), MNHN/CNRS/UPVD, Alliance Sorbonne Université, Musée de l''Homme, Paris, France;5. UMR 7206 Eco-anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, CNRS – MNHN – Paris Diderot, Alliance Sorbonne Université, Musée de l''Homme, Paris, France;1. 12, Rue Marguerite-Séraphine Beving, L-1234, Luxembourg;2. Centre for Health Promotion (ZithaGesondheetsZentrum), Hôpitaux Robert Schuman, ZithaKlinik, 36 Rue Ste Zithe, 2763 Luxembourg, Luxembourg;1. Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICP, Campus de la UAB s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain;2. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125 Torino, Italy;3. Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8081, USA;4. NYCEP Morphometrics Group, USA;5. ICREA at Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICP, Campus de la UAB s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain;1. Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Montessorilaan 3, PO Box 9104, Nijmegen 6500 HE, The Netherlands;2. Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, 107 Swallow Hall, Columbia, MO 65211-1440, United States;3. Centre for Behaviour and Evolution & Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Henry Wellcome Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK;1. Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, U.K.;2. Primate & Predator Project, Lajuma Research Centre, Louis Trichardt (Makhado), South Africa |
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| Abstract: | In his seminal 1992 paper, Dunbar examined three hypotheses advanced to explain primate intelligence, arguing that whereas his social group size hypothesis was supported, neither of two ecological hypotheses, the extractive foraging and frugivory hypotheses, were supported. Following this, and Dunbar's subsequently elaborated argument, many investigators concluded that primate intelligence arose as social rather than ecological adaptations. This paper questions Dunbar's characterization of extractive foraging and social intelligence as alternative hypotheses, raises sampling issues about Dunbar's brain data, species choice, and measurement of extractive foraging. It summarizes the extractive foraging hypothesis, and counters its critics. It reexamines the hypothesis in light of recent behavioral and brain data, new methodology for quantifying extractive foraging, and a new phylogeny of primate intelligence. It concludes that the extractive foraging hypothesis is now supported by several converging lines of evidence. |
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| Keywords: | Extractive foraging Brain measures Intelligence Primates Phylogeny Piaget |
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