Temporal focus,temporal distance,and mind-wandering valence: Results from an experience sampling and an experimental study |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Postbus 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands;2. Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, The Netherlands;1. Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA;2. Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada;1. Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Canada;2. Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Canada;3. Department of Philosophy, University of California, Berkeley, USA;1. McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;2. University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;1. Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique, Département d’Études Cognitives de l’École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 75005 Paris, France;2. EA 2114, Psychologie des Ages de la vie, Francois Rabelais University, Tours, France;3. Centre Marc Bloch, Friedrichstraße 191, D-10117 Berlin, Germany;4. École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris, France;5. Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London, London, UK;6. Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9660, United States |
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| Abstract: | When mind-wandering, people may think about events that happened in the past, or events that may happen in the future. Using experience sampling, we first aimed to replicate the finding that future-oriented thoughts show a greater positivity bias than past-oriented thoughts. Furthermore, we investigated whether there is a relation between the temporal distance of past- and future-oriented thoughts and the frequency of positive thoughts, a factor that has received little attention in previous work. Second, we experimentally investigated the relation between temporal focus, temporal distance, and thought valence. Both studies showed that future-oriented thoughts were more positive compared to past-oriented thoughts. Regarding temporal distance, thoughts about the distant past and future were more positive than thoughts about the near past and future in the experiment. However, the experience sampling study did not provide clear insight into this relation. Potential theoretical and methodological explanations for these findings are discussed. |
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| Keywords: | Mind-wandering Temporal focus Temporal distance Thought valence Positivity bias Happiness Experience sampling Mental time travel |
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