群体偏好与年级对小学生利他惩罚行为的影响

采用独裁者博弈（DG）探讨了群体偏好对不同年级小学生利他惩罚行为的影响。研究1对450名小学生利他惩罚行为的年级发展特点进行了测查。研究2以168名小学生为被试，考察了在独裁者博弈中与独裁者的关系、性别与年级对小学生（第三方）利他惩罚行为的影响。研究3以180名小学生为被试，考察了在独裁者博弈中与接受者的关系、性别与年级对小学生（第三方）利他惩罚行为的影响。结果发现：（1）利他惩罚行为在1至3年级之间有显著增长，3至5年级之间不仅没有增加反而有所下降。（2）3年级小学生开始表现出明显的群体偏好。（3）利他惩罚行为的性别差异不明显，与女生比男生更利他的预期相左。结论：小学生至少在6岁就已经出现了利他惩罚行为且逐渐表现出群体偏好；小学生道德行为发展中可能存在“3年级现象”；女生可能更愿意通过非惩罚的方式达成公平。

Effects of In-group Favoritism and Grade on the Altruistic Punishment Behavior of Primary School students

The present research explored the developmental characteristics of primary school students' altruistic punishment behavior and the influence of in-group favoritism. There were three mutually related studies. In study 1, video typed dictator game tasks were used to examine the developmental characteristics of altruistic punishment, and the effects of gender and grade in 450 primary school students (grade 1, 3 and 5). In study 2, we further explored the effects of gender and the group relationship between participants and dictators on altruistic punishment behavior in 168 primary school students from different grades. In study 3, the effects of gender and group relationship between the participants and the recipients in the dictator game was also explored. The results are as follows: (1) School children show willingness to perform altruistic punishment which develops evidently from grade 1 to grade 3, but doesn't increase significantly from grade 3 to grade 5 (a certain degree of decline is even observed). (2) From grade 3, altruistic punishment behavior begins to show significant in-group favoritism. (3) Inconsistent with the prediction that girls are more altruistic than boys, we find no gender difference in altruistic punishment behavior. The results indicate that: (1) Although only 6-year-old, Chinese children develop a willingness to perform the altruistic punishment behavior. (2) Maybe a “3 grade phenomenon” does exist in Chinese children's moral development. (3) Probably the girls prefer Non - punitive ways to maintain fairness in interpersonal relationships.