不同社会情境对儿童奖惩分配公平性的影响

为探讨社会排斥和社会接纳情境下儿童奖惩分配公平性，研究采用个体-偶然排斥范式和第三方奖惩分配范式，对8~9岁儿童奖惩分配公平性行为和奖惩分配公平性判断进行研究，结果发现：（1）社会排斥组被试的奖惩分配公平性行为显著多于社会接纳组，奖惩分配不公平性行为显著少于社会接纳组。9岁组被试的奖惩分配公平性行为显著多于8岁组，奖惩分配不公平性行为显著少于8岁组；（2）社会排斥组被试的奖惩分配公平性判断显著高于社会接纳组，9岁组被试的奖惩分配公平性判断显著高于8岁组，奖惩分配不公平性判断显著低于8岁组。结论：社会情境影响儿童的奖惩分配公平性，在排斥情境下，8~9岁儿童的奖惩分配公平性明显提升；8~9岁儿童的奖惩分配公平性随年龄增长有上升趋势。

The Study on the Justice of Distribution of Rewarding and Punishing in the Different Social Situation among Children

Justice has become the main theme of the community. In the field of psychology, Piaget is the earliest to study fair of justice as a moral standard, based on the two aspects of behavior and judgement the fairness of individual distribution.The present research explored the children’s justice of distribution of rewarding and punishing in the situation of social exclusion and social acceptance. With the individual-accidental exclusion paradigm and the third-party reward and penalty allocation paradigm, the behavior of the justice of reward and punishments, as well as the judgment of the justice of reward and punishments were studied among 8-9-year-old children. In study 1, the aim of the experiment was to analyse the characteristic of, as well as the effect role of social exclusion in the behavior of distributive justice about the distribution of rewarding and punishing among children aged 8-9. A 2(social situation:social exclusion vs.social acceptance)×2(8-year-old vs. 9-year-old)×4(type of behavior task:good behavior awarded vs. bad behavior punished vs.good behavior punished vs. bad behavior awarded) mixed design was adopted in study 1. A total of 122 children aged 8-9 aged were tested and were randomly assigned to the experiment group.The results were as follows: (1)The fair behavior of rewards and punishments in the social exclusion group was significantly more than that in the social acceptance group, and the unfair behavior of reward and punishments allocation in the social exclusion group was significantly less than that in the social acceptance group;(2)In the social exclusion group, the fairness of reward and punishments was higher than that of the social acceptance group. In study 2, the intent of the experiment was to analyse the characteristic of, as well as the effect role of social exclusion in the judgement of distributive justice about the distribution of rewarding and punishing among children aged 8-9. A 2(social situation:social exclusion vs.social acceptance)×2(8-year-old vs. 9-year-old)×4(type of judgement task:targeted punishment vs. targeted reward vs. collective punishment vs. collective reward) mixed design was adopted in study 2. A total of 126 children aged 8-9 aged were tested and were randomly assigned to the experiment group.Results showed that (1)The judgement of the reward and punishments distributive justice in the 9 year-old group was significantly higher than that of the 8-year-old group, and the unfair behavior of reward and punishments of the 9-year-old group was lower than that of the 8-year-old group; (2) The fair judgment of reward and punishments allocation of the 9-year-old group was significantly higher than that of the 8-year-old group, and the unfair distribution of reward and punishments of the 9-year-old group was lower than that of the 8-year-old group. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated in the context of social exclusion, there were significantly improving trend with age increasing in the fairness, including the behavior of children's reward and punishment distribution, as well as the judgment of children's reward and punishment.