假言推理判定标准的发展性研究

以充分条件和必要条件假言推理题目为测验材料,对小学四年级、初中二年级、高中二年级和大学二年级共469名被试进行了测量。结果表明:(1)内容和形式两种判断标准从小学四年级就开始发展了,但是小学生和中学生还是根据经验事实来进行判断,直到大学才摆脱经验事实的束缚。(2)必要条件推理的能力发展要早于充分条件推理的能力,而且最后能够达到的水平也要高。(3)被试对规则掌握的先后顺序是肯定前件式、否认前件式、肯定后件式和否认后件式。(4)被试是否受到信念偏见效应的影响,还要看题目是否符合事实以及是否符合逻辑规则。

Study on Development of Criteria of Hypothetical Reasoning

The research's materials were composed of two kinds of hypothetical reasoning items,the sufficient condition and the necessary condition.And four kinds of students totally 469 were tested,the fourth grade of primary school,the second grade of junior middle school,the second grade of senior middle school,and the sophomore.The results indicated that:(1)Two judgment criteria(content and form)began to develop from fourth grade of primary school,but the student of primary school and middle school judged the problems according to experience facts.They got rid of the constraint of experience facts until they entered universities.(2)The ability of necessary conditional developed earlier than that of sufficient conditional reasoning,and achieved higher level.(3)There was obvious format effect among the four ages,and the order that students grasped the logic rules was affirmation of the antecedent; denial of the antecedent; affirmation of the consequent; denial of the consequent.(4)Whether there were the effects of faith prejudice depended on the items' conformity to logic rules and facts.