驾驶经验和危险类型对年轻驾驶员危险知觉的影响

结合反应时和眼动测量方法，采用驾驶经验分组2（年轻新手驾驶员，年轻有经验驾驶员）× 危险类型2（明显危险，隐藏危险）的混合实验设计，探索年轻驾驶员危险知觉的经验优势是否随着危险类型的不同而变化。使用一个基于真实交通情境视频的驾驶员危险知觉任务，对27名年轻新手驾驶员和22名年轻有经验驾驶员进行测试，并使用Tobbi T120记录眼动数据。结果发现，总体上，年轻新手驾驶员对潜在道路危险的反应次数比年轻有经验驾驶员更少，反应时间也更慢。两组驾驶员反应时间的差异，随着危险类型的不同而来源于不同的加工阶段。具体来说：一方面，年轻新手驾驶员对明显危险的反应时间慢，是因为他们对该类危险的评估时间长。另一方面，年轻新手驾驶员对隐藏危险的反应时间慢，是因为他们对该类危险的识别时间长。两组驾驶员对危险的平均注视时间受测试中危险类型的影响但不受驾驶经验的影响。这些研究结果表明，在对年轻新手驾驶员进行危险知觉训练或测试时，应重视危险类型对他们危险知觉的影响。

Hazard Perception in Young Drivers: the Role of Hazard Types

Although experienced drivers outperformed novice drivers in several hazard perception studies, little was known about the influencing mechanism of hazard types on young drivers’ hazard perception performance. In this study, 27 young novice drivers and 22 young experienced drivers were asked to complete a hazard perception task, where they were asked to respond quickly when a potential hazard was detected. The hazard in the clips was either an overt hazard with continuous visibility or a covert hazard with interrupted visibility during their materialization. The results revealed that young experienced drivers reacted to covert hazards and overt hazards faster than young novice drivers. The experience-related differences in response latency to overt hazards was due to faster processing after the initial fixation, while experienced-related differences in response latency to covert hazards was due to faster detection rather than differences in processing time. Additionally, hazard types influenced young drivers’ eye movements with overt hazards were significantly fixated more time than covert hazards. These findings provided some implications for the hazard perception test and training for young drivers.