| Abstract: | The article outlines the history of relations between the Safavid state and its dhimm L ¥ minorities. Important policies derived from and peculiar to Ithna 'Ashar L ¥ doctrine are also discussed as well as the importance of the ruler's discretion in the application and enforcement of the policies within the region. Particular attention is paid to the period of rule under 'Abba ¥ s I in which multiculturalism and tolerance were prevalent throughout the kingdom. The more hostile relations of the state to its non-Muslim minorities before and after 'Abba ¥ s I's reign are attributed to the eventual decline of the state. |
