Conditions for factor (in)determinacy in factor analysis |
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Authors: | Wim P. Krijnen Theo K. Dijkstra Richard D. Gill |
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Affiliation: | (1) University of Groningen, The Netherlands;(2) University of Utrecht, The Netherlands;(3) Lisdodde 1, 9679 MC Scheemda, The Netherlands |
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Abstract: | The subject of factor indeterminacy has a vast history in factor analysis (Guttman, 1955; Lederman, 1938; Wilson, 1928). It has lead to strong differences in opinion (Steiger, 1979). The current paper gives necessary and sufficient conditions for observability of factors in terms of the parameter matrices and a finite number of variables. Five conditions are given which rigorously define indeterminacy. It is shown that (un)observable factors are (in)determinate. Specifically, the indeterminacy proof by Guttman is extended to Heywood cases. The results are illustrated by two examples and implications for indeterminacy are discussed. |
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Keywords: | indeterminacy Heywood cases mean squared error factor score prediction |
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