注意缺陷多动症与犯罪的关系及其司法启示

注意缺陷多动症(Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD) 是一种常见于儿童期的精神障碍, 也可能持续到青少年及成年阶段, 其症状表现为难于集中注意力、难于控制其行为及活动过度等, 这些缺陷可能会增加患者犯罪的几率。轻微脑功能障碍、自我调节学说、强化敏感性理论、相关人格特质等在一定程度上可解释ADHD与犯罪的关系。ADHD作用于犯罪存在三种不同的可能路径, 即独立作用、间接作用和无作用。文中特别指出ADHD患者在刑事司法过程中表现的特点及其司法启示。未来研究应从基因、神经心理机制及其与环境的交互作用上进一步探讨ADHD与犯罪的关系, 并提示在犯罪预防、审讯、法庭审判以及罪犯矫治中需要考量ADHD的可能影响。

The Relationship Between ADHD and Crime and Its Judicial Enlightenments

ADHD is a common mental disorder with obvious symptoms of inattention, difficulty in controlling their behavior and hyperactivity et al. in childhood and may persist into adolescent and adult, and these defects may increase the possibility of crime. Minimal brain dysfunction theory, self-regulation theory, reinforcement sensitivity theory, and the related personality theory et al. can, to some extent, explain the relationship between ADHD and crime. There exist three different way of ADHD’s influencing on crime-independent effect, indirect effect and no effect. This paper specially states the performance characteristics of ADHD patients during the criminal justice process and the related judicial enlightenment. Future studies should explore the affection of ADHD on crime in the genic, neurophysiological mechanism and their interactions with environment. Moreover, the possible effect of ADHD should be considered in the process of crime prevention, trial, court and the treatment of offenders.