A conceptual review of discipline in the schools: A consultation service model

Although discipline has been identified consistently as the major problem in U.S. education, few conceptual models are available to guide the analysis of discipline problems and to integrate the consultation and preventive mental health perspectives. A model is presented that integrates a consultation problem-solving process (involving problem identification, problem analysis, intervention, and evaluation) with the preventive mental health levels (i.e., primary, secondary, and tertiary preventions). These perspective interface because discipline-related problems can occur and be resolved at all three prevention levels, although most are addressed only at the tertiary level. A review of the relevant literature is presented with each component of the model, and pragmatic applications are suggested to facilitate both problem-solving and consultation. Although the tertiary prevention level is emphasized, consultants are reminded that secondary and primary prevention programs are potentially more cost-effective and efficacious.