Second-language experience modulates first- and second-language word frequency effects: Evidence from eye movement measures of natural paragraph reading |
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Authors: | Veronica?Whitford Email author" target="_blank">Debra?TitoneEmail author |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Psychology, Centre for Research on Language, Mind, & Brain, McGill University, 1205 Dr. Penfield Ave., Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada; |
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Abstract: | We used eye movement measures of first-language (L1) and second-language (L2) paragraph reading to investigate whether the
degree of current L2 exposure modulates the relative size of L1 and L2 frequency effects (FEs). The results showed that bilinguals
displayed larger L2 than L1 FEs during both early- and late-stage eye movement measures, which are taken to reflect initial
lexical access and postlexical access, respectively. Moreover, the magnitude of L2 FEs was inversely related to current L2
exposure, such that lower levels of L2 exposure led to larger L2 FEs. In contrast, during early-stage reading measures, bilinguals
with higher levels of current L2 exposure showed larger L1 FEs than did bilinguals with lower levels of L2 exposure, suggesting
that increased L2 experience modifies the earliest stages of L1 lexical access. Taken together, the findings are consistent
with implicit learning accounts (e.g., Monsell, 1991), the weaker links hypothesis (Gollan, Montoya, Cera, Sandoval, Journal of Memory and Language, 58:787–814, 2008), and current bilingual visual word recognition models (e.g., the bilingual interactive activation model plus BIA+]; Dijkstra
& van Heuven, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 5:175–197, 2002). Thus, amount of current L2 exposure is a key determinant of FEs and, thus, lexical activation, in both the L1 and L2. |
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