Increased anxiety and depression among collegiate athletes with comorbid ADHD and history of concussion |
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| Institution: | 1. Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA;2. Institute of Mind & Brain, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA;3. PRISMA Health Concussion Clinic, PRISMA Health Children''s Hospital, Columbia, SC, USA;4. Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA;1. Department of Sport & Health, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany;2. School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Ashby Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK;1. Centre of Research and Studies in Soccer (NUPEF), Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa-MG, Brazil;2. EDAF Research Group, Faculty of Education, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain;1. Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, Portugal;2. Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Universidade de Évora, Portugal;3. Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Portugal;4. Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320, Melgaço, Portugal;5. Research Center in Sports Sciences Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal;6. Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer de Melgaço, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal;7. Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-223, Bragança, Portugal;8. Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Cruz Quebrada Dafundo, Portugal;9. CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada Dafundo, Portugal;1. Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium;2. Moray House School of Education and Sport, University of Edinburgh, UK;1. Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, 308 W Circle Dr, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA;2. Departments of Kinesiology/Physical Education and Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue West, N2L 3C5, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada;3. Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue West, N2L 3C5, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada;1. University of Konstanz, Germany;2. University of Bern, Switzerland |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is prevalent among student-athletes when compared to the general population. Mental health disruptions (i.e., depression or anxiety) are common among student-athletes, and risk of experiencing depressive and anxious symptoms may be even greater among student-athletes that have incurred concussion.ObjectiveTo examine the influence of pre-existing ADHD and history of concussion on mental health in collegiate student-athletes.DesignRetrospective cross-sectional study.SettingNational Collegiate Athletic Association Division-I (NCAA) athletics.PatientsBetween 2010 and 2017, student-athletes at a Southeastern NCAA Division-I institution were surveyed as part of a Performance, Health, and Wellness Program. Analyses were conducted using a sample of 324 student athletes (212 female) with either a prior diagnosis of ADHD, a prior history of a sport-related concussion, both prior diagnosis of ADHD and a history of sport-related concussion, or neither (controls).Main outcome measure(s)Symptomatology associated with ADHD was characterized using the Behavior Assessment System for Children Self-Report of Personality College Version. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Center of Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale examined anxious and depressive symptomatology.ResultsStudent-athletes with ADHD and a history of concussion had 16.4 times greater odds of exhibiting clinically significant symptoms of state anxiety and 7.9 times greater odds of exhibiting clinically significant symptoms of depression, relative to control student-athletes. Every participant with both a diagnosis of ADHD and a history of concussion exhibited clinically significant attentional problems.ConclusionsHaving both ADHD and a history of concussion may have a synergistic effect on mental health beyond that of ADHD and/or concussion alone. Additional longitudinal research is necessary to verify current findings. However, athletic trainers and other health care professionals are encouraged to be mindful of student-athletes with ADHD, as they may be more vulnerable to experiencing symptoms of depression and state anxiety with elevated inattentive behaviors following a concussion. |
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| Keywords: | ADHD Concussion Psychological health Student-athlete |
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