Interactive effects of dispositional mindfulness and PETTLEP imagery training on basketball shooting performance: A randomized controlled trial |
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| Affiliation: | 1. School of Physical Education, Quanzhou Normal University, # 398, Donghai Boulevard, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian, China;2. Graduate Institute of Sport Coaching Science, Chinese Culture University, # 55, Hua-Kang Road, Yang-Ming-Shan, Taipei, 11114, Taiwan;3. Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Coleman Building, 2nd Floor, Suite 266, 1408 Walker Avenue, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA;4. Department of Physical Education, Chinese Culture University, #55, Hua-Kang Road, Yang-Ming-Shan, Taipei, 11114, Taiwan;5. Department of Educational Technology, Tamkang University, No.151, Yingzhuan Rd., Tamsui Dist., New Taipei City, 251301, Taiwan;6. Physical Education Office, National Chengchi University, NO.64, Sec.2,Zhi-Nan Rd., Wenshan District, Taipei City, 11605, Taiwan;7. Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, No. 250, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan, Taoyuan, 33301, Taiwan;8. Institute of Physical Education Science, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, No.1 Campus Village, Longjiang Road, Fuqing, 350300, Fujian, China;1. Sport Psychology, Institute of Sport Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany;2. Faculty of Sport Science, Sport Psychology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany;1. The Academic College at Wingate, Netanya, Israel;2. Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Belgium;3. Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania;1. Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “Gabriele d’Annunzio” of Chieti–Pescara, Chieti, Italy;2. Department of Psychological, Humanistic and Territorial Sciences, University “Gabriele d’Annunzio” of Chieti–Pescara, Chieti, Italy;3. Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy;4. Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Languages and Literatures, Communication, Education and Society, University of Udine, Udine, Italy;5. Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics Center, University “Gabriele d’Annunzio” of Chieti–Pescara, Chieti, Italy;6. Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy;7. Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d''Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy;8. Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University “Gabriele d’Annunzio” of Chieti–Pescara, Chieti, Italy;1. School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada;2. International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada;3. Department of Medicine, Division of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada;4. Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada;5. School of Occupational Therapy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada;6. Arthritis Research Canada, Vancouver, BC, Canada;7. School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada;8. Spinal Cord Injury British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada;9. The Thompson Okanagan Tourism Association, Vernon, BC, Canada;10. School District, Vernon, BC, Canada;1. Heidelberg University, Institute of Sports and Sports Sciences, Im Neuenheimer Feld 720, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany;2. University of Erfurt, Social, Organizational, and Economic Psychology, Germany |
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| Abstract: | The purpose of this study was to examine the interactive effects of dispositional mindfulness and visualized PETTLEP imagery training on basketball mid-range shooting performance and retention. Seventy-three participants (M age = 20.32 ± 1.09) with high/low dispositional mindfulness (high n = 35; low n = 38) selected out of 302 college students were randomly assigned into the following six groups: (a) high mindfulness internal imagery (H-II, n = 13); (b) high mindfulness external imagery (H-EI, n = 11); (c) high mindfulness control (H–CO, n = 11); (d) low mindfulness internal imagery (L-II, n = 13); (e) low mindfulness external imagery (L-EI, n = 12); and (f) low mindfulness control (L-CO, n = 13). Participants engaged in a pretest to measure their basketball shooting performance, then participated in a 6-week (3 times/per-week) intervention, plus a posttest and retention test. A three-way 2 (high/low mindfulness) X 3 (treatments: internal-, external imagery, and control) X 3 (measurement time: pretest, posttest, and retention) mixed ANOVA statistical analysis found dispositional mindfulness interacted with treatments and measurement time. The main effects showed high dispositional mindfulness performed better than low dispositional mindfulness, and internal imagery training performed better than external imagery training on mid-range basketball performance at retention. The 3–way interaction indicated that when using either internal or external imagery, high dispositional mindfulness performed better than low mindfulness on retention but not posttest. For 2-way interaction, high dispositional mindfulness performed better than low dispositional mindfulness on retention but not posttest. Our results extended current knowledge on sport imagery and dispositional mindfulness and gained several theoretical implications for researchers. The limitations, future research directions, and practical implications were also discussed. |
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| Keywords: | Visualized imagery Functional equivalence Motor learning control Attention theory |
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