When hockey parents are motivationally imbalanced: Passion,need satisfaction,and verbal aggression toward officials |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Canada;2. Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Canada;1. Department of Social Sciences, Institute of Sport–National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland;2. Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Poland;3. School of Science Technology and Health, York St John University, UK;4. Graduate Department of Kinesiology, University of Toronto, Canada;1. School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Canada;2. Higher School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal;3. InED, Center for Research and Innovation in Education, Portugal;4. College of Social Work, University of Kentucky, USA;5. School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Australia;6. Department of Applied Human Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada;7. Sports Pedagogy Research Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil;8. School of Kinesiology and Recreation, Illinois State University, USA;9. Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Manitoba, Canada;1. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, United Kingdom;2. Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, United Kingdom;3. Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, United Kingdom;1. School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), University of Western Australia, Australia;2. Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia;4. Department of Psychology, College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Australia;5. School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia;6. Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;1. Republic of Turkey Ministry of National Education, Burdur, Turkey;2. Faculty of Sport Sciences, Fenerbahce University, Turkey |
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| Abstract: | Spectators can engage in high levels of verbal aggression toward youth hockey officials. Often, the perpetrators of this aggression are the parents. Our aim was to test the motivational factors involved in explaining why hockey parents sometimes take things too far and engage in verbally aggressive behavior toward officials. We reasoned that verbal aggression toward officials would be a function of two forms of motivational imbalance. First, in line with the dualistic model of passion, we hypothesized that verbal aggression would be positively associated with hockey parents’ obsessive passion, an imbalanced form of passion. Also, based on the compensatory model of passion, we predicted that obsessive passion would be associated with imbalanced psychological need satisfaction involving high need satisfaction from being a hockey parent, but low global need satisfaction. We administered online surveys to Canadian hockey parents (N = 992) assessing their verbal aggression toward officials, passion for being a hockey parent, and psychological need satisfaction from being a hockey parent and in general. Using structural equation modeling, we found support for a model in which high need satisfaction from being a hockey parent and low need satisfaction in general were associated with obsessive passion. Obsessive passion, in turn, was associated with greater verbal aggression toward referees. These findings help reveal why some hockey parents insult, threaten, and engage in other forms of verbal aggression toward officials. They also highlight the importance of maintaining motivational balance among sport parents. |
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| Keywords: | Dualistic model of passion Harmonious passion Obsessive passion Referees Sportspersonship Sports parents |
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