Acute effects of mindful interval exercise on cognitive performance in a higher education setting |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, United States;2. Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, United States;3. Department of Kinesiology and Educational Psychology, Washington State University, United States;4. Institute of Physical Education, Health & Leisure Studies, National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan;1. AFIPS Research Group, Department of Teaching of Physical Education, Arts and Music, University of Valencia, Avenida dels Tarongers, 4, Valencia, 46022, Spain;2. Deakin Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3125, Australia;3. Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia;4. School of Health, Wellington Faculty of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, Kelburn, Wellington, New Zealand;1. Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom;2. Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, United Kingdom;3. England Performance Unit, The Rugby Football League, Leeds, United Kingdom;4. School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia;5. Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa;1. Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, 475 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, H2W 1S4, Canada;1. UNIV. NIMES, APSY-V, F-30021 Nîmes Cedex 1, France;2. Université Côte d’Azur, LAMHESS, France;3. Centre de Santé Rossetti – PEP06, France;4. Institut Universitaire de France, IRCAN, Nice, France;1. Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Kärki, Mattilanniemi 6, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland;2. Methodology Center for Human Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Ruusupuisto, RUU-building Alvar Aallon katu 9, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland;3. School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Greynore 2 Building, Darley Road Campus, Eastbourne, East Sussex, BN20 7UR, United Kingdom |
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| Abstract: | Interval exercise (IE) has been shown to have acute facilitating effects on cognition; however, the existing literature has been limited to laboratory settings and has focused on manipulating the parameters of exercise bouts during IE. This study included two classroom-based experiments to (1) investigate the effect of an acute bout of IE delivering mindfulness activity during its recovery intervals (mindful IE) on cognitive performance, and (2) compare cognitive performance following acute bouts of mindful IE with non-mindful IE. Experiment 1: Using a class-based within-subject crossover design, 59 participants completed the Stroop, d2, and trail-making tests to measure inhibitory control, attention, and cognitive flexibility, after a 30-min non-exercise or mindful IE session on separate counterbalanced days. Experiment 2: Using a similar design, 70 participants were assigned to two groups to receive a non-exercise and an IE session with (mindful) or without (non-mindful) mindfulness-based recovery intervals on separate counterbalanced days. Results from Experiment 1 showed superior d2 performance following the mindful IE than the non-exercise session. Although Experiment 2 found exercise-related decreases in commission error rate during the d2 test in both groups, the non-mindful group showed additional decreases in omission and total error rates. Further, higher scores on the nonreactivity facet of dispositional mindfulness were correlated with larger decreases in omission and total error rates during the d2 test for the mindful IE group. No exercise-related effect was found for outcomes of the Stroop and trail-making tests in both experiments. These findings in the selective improvements in d2 test performance are the first to suggest the feasibility of integrating mindfulness activity into the recovery intervals of IE for enhanced cognitive performance that may depend on individual differences in dispositional mindfulness. |
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