Surf therapy for improving child and adolescent mental health: A pilot randomised control trial |
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| Affiliation: | 1. School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap St, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia;2. IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia;3. Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia;4. Centre of Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia;5. School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia;6. Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia;7. Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia;8. Department of Psychiatry, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia;9. Research Institute of Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia;1. Center for Weight, Eating and Lifestyle Science (WELL Center), Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA;2. Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA;1. Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “Gabriele d’Annunzio” of Chieti–Pescara, Chieti, Italy;2. Department of Psychological, Humanistic and Territorial Sciences, University “Gabriele d’Annunzio” of Chieti–Pescara, Chieti, Italy;3. Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy;4. Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Languages and Literatures, Communication, Education and Society, University of Udine, Udine, Italy;5. Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics Center, University “Gabriele d’Annunzio” of Chieti–Pescara, Chieti, Italy;6. Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy;7. Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d''Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy;8. Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University “Gabriele d’Annunzio” of Chieti–Pescara, Chieti, Italy;1. School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, No. 48 Xinxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China;2. Center for Cognitive Interaction Technology (CITEC), Bielefeld University, Inspiration 1, 33619, Bielefeld, Germany;3. Neurocognition and Action - Biomechanics Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany;4. School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, 112 Long Field house, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA;5. Institute of Sports Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Albert Schweitzerstr. 22, 55128, Mainz, Germany;6. Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, No.162, Sec. 1, Heping E. Rd., Da an Dist., Taipei, 106, Taiwan;7. Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University, No.162, Sec. 1, Heping E. Rd., Da an Dist., Taipei, 106, Taiwan;8. Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland at College Park 4200 Valley Dr, College Park, MD, 20742, USA;9. Neuroscience and Cognitive Sciences Program, University of Maryland at College Park 4090 Union Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA;10. University of Maryland. Department of Veterans Affairs, War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), Washington, DC, 20422, USA;1. Institute of Brain Science and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China;2. Jing Hengyi School of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China;3. Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China;1. University of Chieti and Pescara “G. d''Annunzio”, Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Via dei Vestini 33, 66100, Chieti, Italy;2. University of Bern, Institute of Sport Science, Bremgartenstrasse 145, 3012, Bern, Switzerland;3. University of Parma, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy;4. Catholic University of Valencia “San Vicente Martir”, Department of Athletic Training, Carrer de Quevedo, 2, 46001, Valencia, Spain;5. University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy |
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| Abstract: | The aim of this pilot randomised control trial (RCT) was to test, 1) feasibility and acceptability of a surf therapy program to improve symptoms of mental ill-health among children and adolescents, and 2) the design and procedures of an evaluative study. This pilot RCT compared a 6-week mentor-supported surf therapy program with a wait list control group, in Australian children and adolescents aged 8–18yrs (M age = 11.28, SD = 2.34; 15 females), who were help seeking for issues relating to their mental health. Exclusion criteria included if an individual was actively suicidal or experiencing a psychotic episode or being unavailable for program dates. The primary outcome was the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention and study design assessed via 11 pre-defined criteria. A secondary outcome was to investigate the effectiveness signal of the intervention on child indicators of depression and anxiety, assessed via the Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale-Short Form and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Random allocation was computer generated and while it was not possible to blind participants, researchers collecting assessments were blinded to group allocation. Thirty-six youth were randomised (intervention = 18; wait list controls = 18), representing an 84% participation rate among eligible youth. Of the 11 a priori feasibility and acceptability criteria, 4 of 5 relating to the intervention, and 4 of 6 addressing the study design were fully met, with the unmet factors guiding program revision. At the completion of the intervention, children and adolescents receiving the intervention reported reductions in symptoms of depression (ES = 0.57), anxiety (ES = 0.43), emotional problems, (ES = 0.79), peer problems (ES = 0.56), hyperactivity/inattention (ES = 0.28), and overall difficulties (ES = 0.64). These reductions were not sustained 6-weeks after completion of the intervention. Surf therapy is an acceptable and feasible intervention for addressing symptoms of mental ill-health among children and adolescents. Preliminary evidence suggests that surf therapy improves symptoms of mental ill-health in the short-term but that these improvements were not sustained after the intervention is ceased. |
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| Keywords: | Surf therapy Depression Anxiety Children Adolescents Family Mental disorders Psychiatry Clinical psychology Psychotherapy Blue space Blue care |
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