A new Bayesian procedure for the estimation of the referees' decision thresholds and agreement. The case of professional handball refereeing |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Italy;2. Federazione Italiana Giuoco Handball, Rome, Italy;3. Borman Consulting, Mirandola, MO, Italy;1. School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, 301 Wire Road, Kinesiology Building, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA;2. Department of Kinesiology, Coastal Carolina University, Williams-Brice 111, P.O. Box 261954, Conway, SC, 29528, USA;3. Department of Kinesiology, Boise State University, 1404 Bronco Circle, Boise, ID, 83725, USA;4. Center for Neuroscience Initiative, Auburn University, USA;1. School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, No. 48 Xinxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China;2. Center for Cognitive Interaction Technology (CITEC), Bielefeld University, Inspiration 1, 33619, Bielefeld, Germany;3. Neurocognition and Action - Biomechanics Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany;4. School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, 112 Long Field house, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA;5. Institute of Sports Science, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Albert Schweitzerstr. 22, 55128, Mainz, Germany;6. Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, No.162, Sec. 1, Heping E. Rd., Da an Dist., Taipei, 106, Taiwan;7. Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University, No.162, Sec. 1, Heping E. Rd., Da an Dist., Taipei, 106, Taiwan;8. Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland at College Park 4200 Valley Dr, College Park, MD, 20742, USA;9. Neuroscience and Cognitive Sciences Program, University of Maryland at College Park 4090 Union Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA;10. University of Maryland. Department of Veterans Affairs, War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), Washington, DC, 20422, USA;1. Utah State University, USA;2. York St. John University, UK;1. School of Physical Education, Quanzhou Normal University, # 398, Donghai Boulevard, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian, China;2. Graduate Institute of Sport Coaching Science, Chinese Culture University, # 55, Hua-Kang Road, Yang-Ming-Shan, Taipei, 11114, Taiwan;3. Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Coleman Building, 2nd Floor, Suite 266, 1408 Walker Avenue, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA;4. Department of Physical Education, Chinese Culture University, #55, Hua-Kang Road, Yang-Ming-Shan, Taipei, 11114, Taiwan;5. Department of Educational Technology, Tamkang University, No.151, Yingzhuan Rd., Tamsui Dist., New Taipei City, 251301, Taiwan;6. Physical Education Office, National Chengchi University, NO.64, Sec.2,Zhi-Nan Rd., Wenshan District, Taipei City, 11605, Taiwan;7. Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, No. 250, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan, Taoyuan, 33301, Taiwan;8. Institute of Physical Education Science, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, No.1 Campus Village, Longjiang Road, Fuqing, 350300, Fujian, China;1. Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “Gabriele d’Annunzio” of Chieti–Pescara, Chieti, Italy;2. Department of Psychological, Humanistic and Territorial Sciences, University “Gabriele d’Annunzio” of Chieti–Pescara, Chieti, Italy;3. Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome \"Foro Italico\", Rome, Italy;4. Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Languages and Literatures, Communication, Education and Society, University of Udine, Udine, Italy;5. Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics Center, University “Gabriele d’Annunzio” of Chieti–Pescara, Chieti, Italy;6. Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy;7. Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University “G. d''Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy;8. Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University “Gabriele d’Annunzio” of Chieti–Pescara, Chieti, Italy |
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| Abstract: | In double refereeing, agreement between referees is fundamental for the achievement of a flawless and smooth refereeing activity. Nonetheless, the agreeement can be affected by several external and internal factors, with a negative impact on the consistency of the refereeing and the fluidity of the game. The referee’s Decision Threshold (DT) is the limit above which the evidence of a foul results in the call of an infraction by the referee. It represents the individual refereeing style, and it is one of the factors that can contribute to low agreement between the referees. We present an application of a new Bayesian procedure to estimate referee’s DT in a typical refereeing task. To this end, 56 italian professional handball (FIGH) referees were asked to evaluate 96 potential foul plays, belonging to four different infraction types: 7-m throw, passive play, offensive foul, disciplinary sanctions. The proposed method provides information about: (i) referee’s individual DT; (ii) the agreement between pairs of referees (i.e., one-to-one); (iii) the agreement between each referee and all the other referees (i.e., one-to-total); (iv) the agreement between each referee and a reference referee (i.e., one-to-expert); (v) the proportion of agreement between the referees and a reference referee for each potential foul play. Sport federations would profit by this procedure in different ways: by using the information about the DT to train referees, by detecting referees with a low agreement with their colleagues or with the reference referee, by focusing training on specific plays to improve the arbitration class internal consistency. |
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| Keywords: | Inter-rater agreement Decision threshold Bayesian statistics Handball Refereeing |
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