Goal-directed and undirected self-talk: Exploring a new perspective for the study of athletes' self-talk |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Health and Sport Sciences (EUSES), Universitat de Girona, c/Francesc Macià 65, 17190 Salt, Catalonia, Spain;2. Department of Physiological Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, 42100 Trikala, Greece;3. Faculty of Education and Psychology, Universitat de Girona, Plaça Sant Domènec 9, 17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain;1. Neurocognition and Action Research Group, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Psychology and Sport Science, Germany;2. CITEC – Center of Excellence in Cognitive Interaction Technology, University of Bielefeld, PB 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany;3. Grupo de Estudos em Desenvolvimento e Aprendizagem Motora, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Carlos Luz, 4664, CEP: 31310250 Belo Horizonte, Brazil;4. Ambient Intelligence Group, CITEC – Center of Excellence in Cognitive Interaction Technology, Bielefeld University, PB 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany;1. Department of Health Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45 (PF10), 14195 Berlin, Germany;2. German Centre of Gerontology, Berlin, Germany;3. Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, Australia;1. Risk and Information Management Research Group, School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary, University of London, London E1 4NS, UK;2. Forensic Mental Health Research Unit, Centre for Psychiatry, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK;3. Biological and Experimental Psychology Research Group, The School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, London E1 4NS, UK;1. Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics Center, University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy;2. Zinman College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Wingate Institute & Ohalo Academic College of Education and Sport;3. Department of Educational Psychology and Learning Systems, Florida State University, United States;1. Purdue University, 800 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;2. Washington State University, PEB 106, Pullman, WA 99164-1410, USA |
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| Abstract: | ObjectivesThe present study aimed to introduce the distinction between goal-directed and undirected thoughts used in general psychology into the automatic self-talk paradigm used in sport psychology. In particular, the purpose of this investigation was to explore the structure and the content of athletes' goal-directed and undirected self-talk.MethodsOverall, 87 athletes participated in two studies (n = 32 and n = 55, respectively). Qualitative methods were used to analyze data, in the form of text units that were collected retrospectively through thought sampling regarding participants' self-talk.ResultsThe analysis revealed differences in the structure of goal-directed and un-directed self-talk. Spontaneous, undirected, self-talk involved mostly explaining past outcomes and foreseeing upcoming events, whereas goal-directed self-talk aimed at attaining control over cognitions and activation for action. Spontaneous self-talk could be classified based on two dimensions: valence (positive–negative) and time-perspective (retrospective, present-related, and anticipatory), whereas goal-directed self-talk could be classified into two different dimensions: activation (activated states, neutral, deactivated states) and time-orientation (past, past–present, present–future, and future oriented). Furthermore, differences were also observed with regard to the person at which statements were addressed.ConclusionsOverall, the findings attempt to explore a new perspective into the study of self-talk, which can help improving the conceptualization, creating new research directions, and enhancing the understanding of self-talk for developing effective interventions. |
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| Keywords: | Thoughts Cognitive processes Valence Time perspective Activation |
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