Illusory control as a function of the motivation to avoid randomly determined aversive outcomes |
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Authors: | Paul M Biner Bradley C Johnston Amanda D Summers Elyse N Chudzynski |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Psychological Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA |
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Abstract: | Previous research has provided evidence that the need to attain appetitive outcomes positively affects the certainty of winning
that outcome in purely chance-based games. Three experiments were conducted to test the notion that the need to avoid an aversive
outcome affects winning confidence in the same fashion. In Experiment 1, participants were given the opportunity to avoid
having to give an introductory remark (low need) or an impromptu speech (high need) to a group of peers by winning a chance-based
card-drawing game. As predicted, confidence-in-winning ratings were found to be a positive function of outcome need. In Experiment
2, participants faced a similar card-drawing procedure but this time could avoid ostensibly having their arms submersed in
either room temperature water (low need) or cold water (high need) need. Again as expected, results showed that participants
in the high need condition not only displayed greater winning confidence but also believed more skill was involved in playing
the purely chance-based game. In Experiment 3, the methodology of Experiment 1 was replicated incorporating a skill measure.
The results of this experiment mirrored those of Experiment 2. Results of these investigations are discussed in terms of control
theory.
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Keywords: | Illusory control Illusion of control Motivation to avoid Aversive outcomes |
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