Multi-body dynamic coupling mechanism for generating throwing arm velocity during baseball pitching |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Faculty of Education, Soka University, Hachioji, Japan;2. Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan;3. Graduate School of Decision Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan;1. Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.;2. School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.;3. Broward Orthopedic Specialists, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, U.S.A.;1. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.;2. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A.;3. Hospital for Special Surgery, James M. Benson Sports Rehabilitation Center, New York, New York, U.S.A.;4. Accelerated Physical Therapy, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.;5. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Washington University, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A.;1. Department of Health & Nutrition, Osaka Aoyama University, Osaka, Japan;2. Graduate School of Information Systems, University of Electro-communication, Tokyo, Japan;3. Human Information Science Laboratory, NTT Communication Science Laboratories, Kanagawa, Japan;4. Graduate School of Medicine, University of Osaka, Osaka, Japan;5. American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, AL, USA;1. Department of Health Professions Education, D’Youville College Buffalo, NY 14201, United States;2. Department of Exercise Science, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States;1. Department of Physical Therapy, Akita University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Akita, Japan;2. Department of Rehabilitation, Funabashi Orthopedic Clinic, Chiba, Japan;3. Department of Rehabilitation, Okitama Public General Hospital, Yamagata, Japan;1. Department of Physical Therapy, Akita University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Akita, Japan;2. Department of Rehabilitation, Akita Kousei Medical Hospital, Akita, Japan;3. Department of Rehabilitation, Akita City Hospital, Akita, Japan |
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| Abstract: | The purpose of this study was to identify the detailed mechanism how the maximum throwing arm endpoint velocity is determined by the muscular torques and non-muscular interactive torques from the perspective of the dynamic coupling among the trunk, thorax and throwing and non-throwing arm segments. The pitching movements of ten male collegiate baseball pitchers were measured by a three-dimensional motion capture system. Using the induced-segmental velocity analysis (IVA) developed in this study, the maximum fingertip velocity of the throwing arm (MFV) was decomposed into each contribution of the muscular torques, passive motion-dependent torques due to gyroscopic moment, Coriolis force and centrifugal force, and other interactive torque components. The results showed that MFV (31.6 ± 1.7 m/s) was mainly attributed to two different mechanisms. The first is the passive motion-dependent effect on increasing the angular velocities of three joints (thorax rotation, elbow extension and wrist flexion). The second is the muscular torque effect of the shoulder internal rotation (IR) torque on generating IR angular velocity. In particular, the centrifugal force-induced elbow extension motion, which was the greatest contributor among individual joint contributions, was caused primarily by the angular velocity-dependent forces associated with the humerus, thorax, and trunk rotations. Our study also found that a compensatory mechanism was achieved by the negative and positive contributions of the muscular torque components. The current IVA is helpful to understand how the rapid throwing arm movement is determined by the dynamic coupling mechanism. |
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| Keywords: | Throwing Multi-joints Kinetic chain Segmental interaction Induced-velocity analysis |
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