A study of reaching actions in walking infants |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada;2. Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, Ontario, M5B 2K3, Canada;1. Department of Developmental Psychology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany;2. Department of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany;1. University of Maryland, College Park, United States;2. Teachers College, Columbia University, United States;3. University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States;1. Department of Psychology and Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA;2. Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203, USA;3. Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, The George Washington University and Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC 20037, USA;4. Florida Atlantic University, USA;1. George Institute for Global Health UK, Imperial College London, London NW9 7PA, UK;2. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand;3. School of Health and Social Wellbeing, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK;4. Child Injury Prevention and Environmental Health, UNICEF, New York, NY, USA;5. Centre for Pacific Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand;6. Department of Social Determinants of Health, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland |
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| Abstract: | Acquiring motor skills transforms the perceptual and cognitive world of infants and expands their exploratory engagement with objects. This study investigated how reaching is integrated with walking among infant walkers (n = 23, 14.5–15.5 months). In a walk-to-reach paradigm, diverse object retrieval strategies were observed. All infants were willing to use their upper and lower bodies in concert, and the timing of this coordination reflected features of their environment. Infants with an older walking age (months since walking onset) retrieved items more rapidly and exploited their non-reaching hand more effectively during object retrieval than did same-age infants with a younger walking age. This suggests that the actions of the upper- and lower-body are flexibly integrated and that this integration may change across development. Mechanisms that shape sophisticated upper-body use during upright object retrieval are discussed. Infants flexibly integrate emerging motor skills in the service of object retrieval in ways not previously documented. |
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| Keywords: | Walking Reaching Motor development Prehension Developmental change |
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