The proximal-to-distal sequence in upper-limb motions on multiple levels and time scales |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium;2. Universiteit Antwerpen, Faculty of Applied Engineering, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium;3. Thim Van Der Laan University College Physiotherapy, Weststrasse 8, 7302 Landquart, Switzerland;1. Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium;2. Occupational Therapy Department, Artevelde University College, Ghent, Belgium;3. AZ Monica, Antwerp, Belgium;4. Kineworks, Turnhout, Belgium;1. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea;2. Global Center for Shoulder & Elbow, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea;3. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical College, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, South Korea;4. Department of Radiology, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea;5. Gem Fitness, Seoul, South Korea |
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| Abstract: | The proximal-to-distal sequence is a phenomenon that can be observed in a large variety of motions of the upper limbs in both humans and other mammals. The mechanisms behind this sequence are not completely understood and motor control theories able to explain this phenomenon are currently incomplete. The aim of this narrative review is to take a theoretical constraints-led approach to the proximal-to-distal sequence and provide a broad multidisciplinary overview of relevant literature. This sequence exists at multiple levels (brain, spine, muscles, kinetics and kinematics) and on multiple time scales (motion, motor learning and development, growth and possibly even evolution). We hypothesize that the proximodistal spatiotemporal direction on each time scale and level provides part of the organismic constraints that guide the dynamics at the other levels and time scales. The constraint-led approach in this review may serve as a first onset towards integration of evidence and a framework for further experimentation to reveal the dynamics of the proximal-to-distal sequence. |
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| Keywords: | Throwing Striking Reaching Motor control Dynamical system Constraints |
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