Prenatal anxiety effects: A review |
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| Affiliation: | 1. University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine, United States;2. Fielding Graduate University, United States;1. Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187 Dresden, Germany;2. Faculty of Medicine of the Technische Universität Dresden, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Schubertstraße 42, 01307 Dresden, Germany;3. Behavioral Epidemiology, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, 01187 Dresden, Germany;4. SRH Fachhochschule für Gesundheit Gera, Neue Straße 28-30, 07548 Gera, Germany;1. Department of Psychological Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Australia;2. School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Australia;3. School of Psychology, The University of Western Australia, Australia;1. Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy;2. Treatment of Affective Disorders in Perinatal Period Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy;3. Department of Mental Health, Local Healthy Service of Parma, Parma, Italy;4. Mood Disorders Program, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA;1. Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Gera, Germany;2. SRH Fachhochschule für Gesundheit Gera, Gera, Germany;3. Behavioral Epidemiology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany;1. Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA;2. Department of Psychology, Crean School of Health and Life Sciences, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, USA;3. Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Early Human and Lifespan Development Program, One University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, USA;4. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;5. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, 27-117 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1740, USA;1. School of Psychology, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW 2795, Australia;2. Karitane, PO Box 241, Villawood, NSW 2163, Australia;3. University of New South Wales, School of Psychiatry, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia |
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| Abstract: | This review is based on literature on prenatal anxiety effects that was found on Pubmed and PsycINFO for the years 2010–2016. Prenatal anxiety is thought to have distinct features, although it has been measured both by specific prenatal anxiety symptoms as well as by standardized anxiety scales. Its prevalence has ranged from 21 to 25% and it has been predicted by a number of pregnancy – related variables such as unintended pregnancy, demographic variables such as low acculturation and income and psychosocial factors including pessimism and partner tension. Prenatal anxiety effects on pregnancy include increased cortisol levels, pro-inflammatory cytokines, obstetric problems and cesarean section. Effects on the neonate include lower gestational age, prematurity, less insulin-like growth factor in cord blood, less exclusive breast-feeding and less self-regulation during the heelstick procedure. Prenatal anxiety effects continue into infancy and childhood both on physiological development and emotional/mental development. Among the physiological effects are lower vagal activity across the first two years, and lower immunity, more illnesses and reduced gray matter in childhood. Prenatal anxiety effects on emotional/mental development include greater negative emotionality and in infants, lower mental development scores and internalizing problems. Anxiety disorders occur during childhood and elevated cortisol and internalizing behaviors occur during adolescence. Interventions for prenatal anxiety are virtually nonexistent, although stroking (massaging) the infant has moderated the pregnancy – specific anxiety effects on internalizing behaviors in the offspring. The limitations of this literature include the homogeneity of samples, the frequent use of anxiety measures that are not specific to pregnancy, and the reliance on self-report. Nonetheless, the literature highlights the negative, long-term effects of prenatal anxiety and the need for screening and early interventions. |
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| Keywords: | Prenatal anxiety effects |
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