Maternal self-confidence during the first four months postpartum and its association with anxiety and early infant regulatory problems |
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| Institution: | 1. University of Heidelberg, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 440, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;2. Ludwig Maximilian University, Department of Psychology, Leopoldstr. 13, 80802 Munich, Germany;1. Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy;2. Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, UCSC, Rome, Italy;1. University of North Carolina at Greensboro, United States;2. Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, China;1. Department of Family Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia;2. Women Health Development Unit, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia;3. Department of Psychiatry, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia;4. Perpustakaan Hamdan Tahir, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia;1. Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Research Unit, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark;2. Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;3. Center of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Eating Disorders, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark;4. Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;5. Research Clinic of Functional Disorders and Psychosomatics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark;6. Eating disorders and Adolescent Mental Health Research Team, Behavioural and Brain Sciences Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom;7. Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York;8. Department of Public Health, Section of Social Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark |
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| Abstract: | Maternal self-confidence has become an essential concept in understanding early disturbances in the mother-child relationship. Recent research suggests that maternal self-confidence may be associated with maternal mental health and infant development. The current study investigated the dynamics of maternal self-confidence during the first four months postpartum and the predictive ability of maternal symptoms of depression, anxiety, and early regulatory problems in infants. Questionnaires assessing symptoms of depression (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale), anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), and early regulatory problems (Questionnaire for crying, sleeping and feeding) were completed in a sample of 130 women at three different time points (third trimester (T1), first week postpartum (T2), and 4 months postpartum (T3). Maternal self-confidence increased significantly over time. High maternal trait anxiety and early infant regulatory problems negatively contributed to the prediction of maternal self-confidence, explaining 31.8% of the variance (R = .583, F3,96 = 15.950, p < .001).Our results emphasize the transactional association between maternal self-confidence, regulatory problems in infants, and maternal mental distress. There is an urgent need for appropriate programs to reduce maternal anxiety and to promote maternal self-confidence in order to prevent early regulatory problems in infants. |
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| Keywords: | Maternal self-confidence Anxiety Depression Early regulatory problems Postpartum |
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