Influence of semantic consistency and perceptual features on visual attention during scene viewing in toddlers |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France;2. Departamento de Fonoaudiología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile;3. Department of Psychology, Engineering Psychology and Applied Cognitive Research, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Germany;4. CNRS (UMR 8242), Paris, France;1. School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;2. Department of Nursing College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University, Bale Goba, Ethiopia;3. Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia;1. Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States;2. Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children''s Hospital Medical Center, United States;3. School of Human Environmental Sciences, Program in Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Arkansas, United States;4. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, United States;1. Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, United States;2. Northwestern University, United States;1. Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, 915 Olentangy River Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212, United States;2. Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Children''s Dr, Columbus, Ohio 43205, United States;3. Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States |
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| Abstract: | Conceptual representations of everyday scenes are built in interaction with visual environment and these representations guide our visual attention. Perceptual features and object-scene semantic consistency have been found to attract our attention during scene exploration. The present study examined how visual attention in 24-month-old toddlers is attracted by semantic violations and how perceptual features (i. e. saliency, centre distance, clutter and object size) and linguistic properties (i. e. object label frequency and label length) affect gaze distribution. We compared eye movements of 24-month-old toddlers and adults while exploring everyday scenes which either contained an inconsistent (e.g., soap on a breakfast table) or consistent (e.g., soap in a bathroom) object. Perceptual features such as saliency, centre distance and clutter of the scene affected looking times in the toddler group during the whole viewing time whereas looking times in adults were affected only by centre distance during the early viewing time. Adults looked longer to inconsistent than consistent objects either if the objects had a high or a low saliency. In contrast, toddlers presented semantic consistency effect only when objects were highly salient. Additionally, toddlers with lower vocabulary skills looked longer to inconsistent objects while toddlers with higher vocabulary skills look equally long to both consistent and inconsistent objects. Our results indicate that 24-month-old children use scene context to guide visual attention when exploring the visual environment. However, perceptual features have a stronger influence in eye movement guidance in toddlers than in adults. Our results also indicate that language skills influence cognitive but not perceptual guidance of eye movements during scene perception in toddlers. |
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| Keywords: | Scene viewing semantic knowledge vocabulary skills saliency eye movement development |
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