Systematicity and Surface Similarity in the Development of Analogy |
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| Authors: | Dedre Gentner Cecile Toupin |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Psychology1 University of Illinois 603 East Daniel Street Champaign, IL 61820, USA;2. Department of Psychology University of California Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;1. Centro Universitario de los Lagos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Enrique Díaz de Leon, Paseos de la Montaña, Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco 47460, Mexico;2. Laboratory of Biological Networks, Center for Biomedical Technology, Technical University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain;3. Complex Systems Group & GISC, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain;4. CNR-Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;5. The Italian Embassy in Israel, 25 Hamered Street, 68125 Tel Aviv, Israel;6. National Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Daejeon 305-811, South Korea;7. Department of Chemical Physics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;8. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom;1. Institute for Problems of Mechanical Engineering of RAS, 199178, Russia;2. Saint Petersburg State University, Russia;3. ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia;4. Coordinated Science Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;1. Dumlupinar University, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, 43100 Kutahya, Turkey;2. Uludag University, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, 16059 Bursa, Turkey;3. Dumlupinar University, Department of Computer Engineering, 43100 Kutahya, Turkey;1. Department of Mathematics and Physics, Changzhou Campus, Hohai University, Changzhou 213022, Jiangsu, PR China;2. Institute of Applied Mathematics, Zhejiang University of Finance & Economics, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, PR China;1. Mohamed Boudiaf University of M’sila, M’sila 28000, Algeria;2. Mohand Oulhadj University of Bouira, Bouira 10000, Algeria;3. University of Sétif, Sétif 19000, Algeria;4. Faculty of Computers and Information, Benha University, Benha, Egypt;5. School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nile University, Giza, Egypt;1. Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research, Minneapolis, MN;;2. Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN;;3. AmpLab, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA;;4. J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA;;5. Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA;;6. Human Longevity, Inc., San Diego, CA;;7. Root Deep Insight, Inc., Boston, MA |
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| Abstract: | This research investigates the development of analogy: In particular, we wish to study the development of systematicity in analogy. Systematicity refers to the mapping of systems of mutually constraining relations, such as causal chains or chains of implication. A preference for systematic mappings is a central aspect of analogical processing in adults (Gentner, 1980, 1983). This research asks two questions: Does systematicity make analogical mapping easier? And, if so, when, developmentally, do children become able to utilize systematicity? Children aged 5–7 and 8–10 acted out stories with toy characters. Then they were asked to act out the same stories with new characters. Two variables were manipulated: systematicity, or the degree of explicit causal structure in the original stories, and the transparency of the object-mappings. Transparency was manipulated by varying the similarity between the original characters and the corresponding new characters: it was included in order to vary the difficulty of the transfer task. If children can utilize systematicity, then their transfer accuracy should be greater for systematic stories. The results show: (1) As expected, transparency strongly influenced transfer accuracy (for both age groups, transfer accuracy dropped sharply as the object correspondences became less transparent); and (2) for the older group, there was also a strong effect of systematicity and an interaction between the two variables. Given a systematic story, 9-year-olds could transfer it accurately regardless of the transparency of the object correspondence. |
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