Integrating moral and achievement variables to predict doping likelihood in football: A cross-cultural investigation |
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| Affiliation: | 1. University of Birmingham, UK;2. California State University, Fresno, USA;3. University of Leipzig, Germany;4. University of Thessaly, Greece;1. Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany;2. Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Strasse 9-11, Oldenburg 26111, Germany;3. Instituto de Química Orgánica General (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, Madrid 28028, Spain;1. Leibniz Institute of Ecological Urban and Regional Development (IÖR), Weberplatz 1, 01217 Dresden, Germany;2. Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of Leibniz Association, P.O. Box 601203, 14412 Potsdam, Germany;1. Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany;2. Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany;3. Evonik Creavis GmbH, Paul-Baumann-Straße 1, 45772, Marl, Germany;1. Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism, MedImmune, Cambridge, UK;2. University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany;3. Charité Research Organisation GmbH, Berlin, Germany;4. Profil, Neuss, Germany;5. Profil, Mainz, Germany;6. MedImmune, Gaithersburg, MD, USA;1. Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;2. School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;3. Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Drug Design and Analytical Chemistry, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;4. Periotrap Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;5. Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructures and Materials IMWS, Characterization of Medical and Cosmetic Products, Walter-Hülse-Strasse 1, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany |
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| Abstract: | ObjectivesIn our study, we had two objectives. Our first objective was to test a social-cognitive model of doping in sport. In this model, we examined moral variables (i.e., moral disengagement, moral identity, anticipated guilt) and performance motivational climate as predictors of doping likelihood and whether performance motivational climate moderates the relationship between moral disengagement and doping likelihood. The second objective was to determine whether this model is invariant across sex and country.DesignWe used a cross-sectional design.MethodParticipants were 1495 (729 females) elite football players (mean age 20.4 ± 4.4) recruited from 97 teams in the UK, Denmark and Greece. They completed questionnaires measuring the aforementioned variables.ResultsMoral disengagement positively predicted doping likelihood both directly and indirectly via anticipated guilt. The direct relationship was significant only when performance climate was perceived as average or high. Moral identity negatively predicted doping likelihood via both moral disengagement and anticipated guilt; and performance climate positively predicted doping likelihood. The model was largely invariant across sex and country.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that young elite football players in the UK, Denmark and Greece are less likely to use banned substances to enhance their performance, if they consider being moral an important part of who they are, and if they perceive a low performance climate in their team. Moral identity is likely to trigger feelings of guilt associated with the use of banned substances and to mobilize moral disengagement mechanisms. Our findings highlight the importance of moral variables in deterring the use of banned substances in sport. |
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| Keywords: | Soccer Guilt Moral disengagement Moral identity Performance climate |
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