Thomas Willis: The faculties and his two cognitive frameworks |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Rehabilitation, Atago Hospital, 1-1-13, Atagomachi, Kochi 780-0051, Japan;2. Department of Physiology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan;3. Department of Rehabilitation, Ichinose Hospital, 1-5-11, Kokutaijimachi, Nakaku, Hiroshima 730-0042, Japan;4. Department of Physical Therapy, Tosa Rehabilitation College, Otsu, Ohtsu, Kochi 781-5103, Japan;5. Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Kio University, Umaminaka, Koryo, Kitakatsuragigun, Nara 635-0832, Japan;1. Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;2. Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn Center of Excellence on Parkinson Disease and Related Disorders, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;3. Clinical Neurosciences Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;1. Neurocognition and Action Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Sport Sciences, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany;2. Center of Excellence Cognitive Interaction Technology (CITEC), Bielefeld, Germany;3. Robotics Research Center, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore;4. Department of Kinesiology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, United States;5. Health Equity Institute, 1600 Holloway Avenue, HSS 359, San Francisco, CA 94132, United States;1. School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia;2. Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;3. School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia;4. Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia;5. Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;6. Clinical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia;1. School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, Canada;2. Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, Canada |
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| Abstract: | Thomas Willis’ 1664 study The anatomy of the brain is widely regarded as one of the first clinical studies of the brain. In The anatomy, Thomas Willis explicitly connected the cognitive faculties and the nerves. Willis’ later, 1672 work, The two discourses concerning the soul of brutes, severely undermined the materialism of Willis’ first study: he affirmed dualism and cognitive immateriality; changed the anatomical locations of cognition; and reasserted a division between the rational and sensitive souls. His exact motive to return to orthodoxy is unclear, but contemporary scholarship of Willis has compounded the confusion with by relying predominantly on The soul of brutes instead of The anatomy. We trace Willis’ career and examine his methodological practices, which help explain the historical practices and pressures. A closer examination of Willis’ Anatomy of the brain reveals a much more materialistic account of the brain, the faculties, and nervous system. In this article, we present our own analysis of Willis’ concept of rationality in the Anatomy and explain its importance for nervous physiology and understanding the analytic techniques for first defining faculty localizations. We then explain the role of the imagination and the immortal soul in the rearticulated anatomical concepts from The soul of brutes. |
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| Keywords: | Thomas Willis Human brain Faculty Localisation History Sensitive and immortal souls |
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