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Genetic overlap between ADHD symptoms and EEG theta power
Affiliation:1. MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK;2. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK;3. Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA;1. King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, UK;2. Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany;1. Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan;2. Faculty of Nursing, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan;3. Department of Psychiatry, Tenri Hospital, Tenri, Japan;4. Department of Psychiatry, Nara Prefectural General Rehabilitation Center, Shiki, Japan;1. Applied Psychology and Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada;2. Rotman Research Institute of Baycrest Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada;3. Brain and Mind Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada;4. Neurosciences and Mental Health Research Program, SickKids Hospital, Toronto, Ont., Canada;5. Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA;1. University of Maryland, College Park, USA;2. Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA;3. Utica College, NY, USA;2. Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
Abstract:Biological markers that are grounded in neuroscience may facilitate understanding of the pathophysiology of complex psychiatric disorders. One of the most consistent and robust neural abnormalities in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is increased EEG power in the theta band at rest (4–8 Hz). The present study used a twin design to estimate the extent of genetic overlap between increased theta power and risk for ADHD in order to validate theta power as a marker of genetic risk for ADHD. At rest, EEG was measured in 30 monozygotic and dizygotic adolescent twin pairs concordant or discordant for high ADHD symptom scores and 37 monozygotic and dizygotic control twin pairs with low ADHD symptom scores. Structural equation modelling was used to estimate the heritability of theta power and partition the genetic and environmental contributions to the overlap between ADHD and theta power. A significant phenotypic correlation between ADHD symptoms and elevated theta power was found. Theta power demonstrated moderate to high heritability estimates (0.77) and moderate genetic correlations with ADHD (0.35) suggesting shared genetic influences. Increased theta power is a candidate biological marker of genetic risk for ADHD, which warrants further investigation of the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie the genetic relationship.
Keywords:ADHD  EEG  Endophenotype  Heritability  Twins
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