Divine Contracts: Chinese New Religions and Shamanic Movements in Contemporary Malaysia

This paper concerns modern Chinese shamanic movements that encounter economic and bureaucratic rationalisation. The production of religious ideologies and the negotiation of ethnic identities will be examined through a case study of a Chinese religious movement in Malaysia, the Goddess of Mercy Devotional Society, which addresses itself to both the popular religious tradition and cosmopolitan influences. This movement exemplifies the attempt on the part of modern shamans to establish communications with the realm of the divine and to present a meaningful world-image within a rational conceptual framework that satisfies both the Chinese quest for ethnic identity and mystical experiences. Comparison of this movement with two other Chinese movements suggests that their emergence and popularity in the Malaysian Chinese community signal a transformation in the organisation of Chinese folk religion. The appearance of these three movements has given Chinese shamanism new meanings in terms of cultic syncretism within the context of resinification in an ethnically divided society.