Comparing simulator sickness in younger and older adults during simulated driving under different multisensory conditions |
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| Affiliation: | 1. University Health Network, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Canada;2. Ryerson University, Department of Psychology, Canada;3. University of Toronto, Department of Psychology, Canada;4. University of Toronto, Institute for Aerospace Studies, Canada;5. University of Toronto, Institute of Medical Science, Canada;6. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Research Imaging Centre, Canada;1. University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States;2. Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States;3. NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States;4. KBRwyle, Houston, TX, United States;1. Institut für Arbeits-, Sozial- und Umweltmedizin, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany;2. Psychologisches Institut der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Binger Str. 14-16, 55122 Mainz, Germany;3. Fraunhofer ITWM, Fraunhofer-Platz 1, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany;1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward St., Ann Arbor, 48109, USA;2. University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, University of Michigan, 2901 Baxter Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA;1. College of Information Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higasi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan;2. Faculty of Engineering, Kagawa University, 2217-20 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa, 761-0396, Japan;1. Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St. Olav University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway;2. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children’s and Women’s Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway;3. Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare—Central Norway, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway;4. SINTEF Technology and Society, Department of Transport Research, Trondheim, Norway;5. National Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway |
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| Abstract: | Driving simulators are valuable tools for traffic safety research as they allow for systematic reproductions of challenging situations that cannot be easily tested during real-world driving. Unfortunately, simulator sickness (i.e., nausea, dizziness, etc.) is common in many driving simulators and may limit their utility. The experience of simulator sickness is thought to be related to the sensory feedback provided to the user and is also thought to be greater in older compared to younger users. Therefore, the present study investigated whether adding auditory and/or motion cues to visual inputs in a driving simulator affected simulator sickness in younger and older adults. Fifty-eight healthy younger adults (age 18–39) and 63 healthy older adults (age 65+) performed a series of simulated drives under one of four sensory conditions: (1) visual cues alone, (2) combined visual + auditory cues (engine, tire, wind sounds), (3) combined visual + motion cues (via hydraulic hexapod motion platform), or (4) a combination of all three sensory cues (visual, auditory, motion). Simulator sickness was continuously recorded while driving and up to 15 min after driving session termination. Results indicated that older adults experienced more simulator sickness than younger adults overall and that females were more likely to drop out and drove for less time compared to males. No differences between sensory conditions were observed. However, older adults needed significantly longer time to fully recover from the driving session than younger adults, particularly in the visual-only condition. Participants reported that driving in the simulator was least realistic in the visual-only condition compared to the other conditions. Our results indicate that adding auditory and/or motion cues to the visual stimulus does not guarantee a reduction of simulator sickness per se, but might accelerate the recovery process, particularly in older adults. |
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| Keywords: | Motion sickness Driving Aging Multimodal cue combination Vection |
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