Effects of motion and audio-visual redundancy on upright and inverted face and feature preferences in 4-13-month old pre- and full-term NICU graduates |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Infant Development, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, United States;2. Department of Infant Development, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities and Department of Pediatrics, Richmond University Medical Center, United States;1. Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Germany;2. Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany;1. Department of Psychology, Lehigh University, United States;2. Department of Psychology, New York University, United States;1. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA;2. University of Delaware, DE, USA;3. University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA;4. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA;5. George Washington University, Washington D.C., USA;6. Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA;7. University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA;1. Psychology, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia;2. School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, Australia;3. Women’s Health, Genetics and Mental Health Directorate, King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women, Subiaco, Australia;4. Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia;1. University of York, UK;2. Newcastle University, UK |
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| Abstract: | NICU infants are reported to have diminished social orientation and increased risk of socio-communicative disorders. In this eye tracking study, we used a preference for upright compared to inverted faces as a gauge of social interest in high medical risk full- and pre-term NICU infants. We examined the effects of facial motion and audio-visual redundancy on face and eye/mouth preferences across the first year. Upright and inverted baby faces were simultaneously presented in a paired-preference paradigm with motion and synchronized vocalization varied. NICU risk factors including birth weight, sex, and degree of CNS injury were examined. Overall, infants preferred the more socially salient upright faces, making this the first report, to our knowledge, of an upright compared to inverted face preference among high medical risk NICU infants. Infants with abnormalities on cranial ultrasound displayed lower social interest, i.e. less of a preferential interest in upright faces, when viewing static faces. However, motion selectively increased their upright face looking time to a level equal that of infants in other CNS injury groups. We also observed an age-related sex effect suggesting higher risk in NICU males. Females increased their attention to the mouth in upright faces across the first year, especially between 7–10 months, but males did not. Although vocalization increased diffuse attention toward the screen, contrary to our predictions, there was no evidence that the audio-visual redundancy embodied in a vocalizing face focused additional attention on upright faces or mouths. This unexpected result may suggest a vulnerability in response to talking faces among NICU infants that could potentially affect later verbal and socio-communicative development. |
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| Keywords: | Pre/full-term NICU graduates Face inversion Audio-visual redundancy Eye tracking Talking face |
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