Infant carrying as a tool to promote secure attachments in young mothers: Comparing intervention and control infants during the still-face paradigm |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore 119228;2. Department of Paediatrics, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Rd, Singapore 229899;3. Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Rd, Singapore 169857;4. Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Rd, Singapore 229899;5. Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Medical Drive, Singapore 117609;6. Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore 119228;7. Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Paediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore 119228;8. Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Rd, Singapore 229899;9. Program in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Rd, Singapore 169857;10. Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore 119228;11. Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore 119228;1. Section of Neonatology, Rush University Children’s Hospital, 1653 W. Congress Pkwy, Pavilion 353, Chicago, Illinois 60612;2. Divisions of Neonatology & Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of California San Diego, Rady Children’s Hospital of San Diego, San Diego, California;1. Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada;2. Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada;3. Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada;4. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;5. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada;6. Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada;7. Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;8. Department of Educational Psychology, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada;1. University of Washington, Seattle Children''s Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA;2. Oasi Research Institute – IRCCS, Troina, Italy;3. Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA;4. Department of Developmental Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy;5. Sleep Research Institute, Madrid, Spain;6. Department of Neurology and the Center for Sleep Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA;7. Division of Neurology, Boston Children''s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Waltham, MA, USA;8. Sleep Laboratory, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile;9. Cincinnati Children''s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA;10. University of Illinois School of Medicine, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, USA;1. Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan;2. Japan Support Center for Suicide Countermeasures, National Institute of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan;3. Department of Social Medicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan |
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| Abstract: | Infants of adolescent mothers have a greater risk of developing insecure attachment types and attachment disorders into adulthood. Previous research suggests that skin-to-skin contact predicts secure attachment; however, it is largely unknown whether infant carrying or “babywearing” has similar benefits. We hypothesized that adolescent mothers (Mage=19.1 years, SD = 2.0; 40.6 % Hispanic; 40 %< = 11th grade) who were randomly assigned to an infant carrying condition at 2–4 weeks’ post-partum (n = 16; 1 h daily for 3 months), compared to a control group (n = 17; reading), would be more likely to have securely attached infants at 7 months (M = 29.0 weeks, SD = 3.4). We coded infant gaze orientation, fretfulness, affect, self-soothing behaviors, and vocalizations in the reunion phase of the Still-Face Paradigm, and used an algorithm derived from the infant Global Rating Scales to determine attachment type. Infants in the intervention condition were more likely to have secure attachments and less likely to have disorganized attachments compared to the control condition. Hours spent babywearing was positively correlated with secure attachment, rpb = .40, and negatively correlated with disorganized attachment, rpb =−0.36. There were no statistically significant differences between the conditions or babywearing hours for avoidant or resistant attachment types. The results suggest that infant carrying may be an effective tool at promoting secure attachments, particularly for mothers and infants at greater risk for attachment insecurity. |
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| Keywords: | Babywearing Adolescent mothers Mother-infant attachment Randomized control trial High-risk Physical contact Newborns Attachment in infancy Longitudinal |
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