Gait control in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany;2. Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany;3. Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany;4. Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany;1. Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, NE, United States;2. Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, TX, United States;1. School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia;2. School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland;1. EuroMov, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France;2. Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad (C3), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico;3. CHRU, Hôpital Gui-de-Chauliac, Montpellier, France;4. Clinique Beau Soleil, Montpellier, France;5. Clinique du Parc, Montpellier, France;6. Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France;7. International Laboratory for Brain, Music, and Sound Research (BRAMS), Montreal, Canada;8. Department of Cognitive Psychology, WSFiZ, Warsaw, Poland;1. Institute of Sport Science and Sport, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany;2. Intellectual Disability Medicine, Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands;3. Ipse de Bruggen, P.O. Box 7027, 2701 AA Zoetermeer, The Netherlands;4. Abrona, Amersfoortseweg 56, 3712 BE Huis ter Heide, The Netherlands;1. Department of Pediatrics, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan;2. Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan;3. Department of Biostatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan;4. New Business Produce Division, Maxell, Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan;5. Research & Development Group, Center for Technology Innovation - Healthcare, Hitachi, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan;6. Research & Development Group, Center for Exploratory Research, Hitachi, Ltd., Saitama, Japan |
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| Abstract: | The current profile of gait control in children with ADHD is incomplete and predominately based on children walking forward at a self-selected pace. There are no studies of potential gait deficits in this clinical population when walking in different directions in combination with varying rates of stepping that are freely selected and entrained to an external stimulus. The purpose of the current study was to address this lack of information by assessing gait of children aged 7–17 years with (n = 17) and without (n = 26) ADHD. Participants walked forward and backward along an electronically instrumented carpet at a self-selected stepping rate and in synchrony to a metronome that dictated an increased and decreased stepping rate. Using repeated measures analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to assess spatiotemporal gait parameters, results showed that children with ADHD exhibited a significantly exaggerated, toes ‘turned out,’ foot position for all walking conditions compared to typically developing children. When walking backward, children with ADHD produced an increased step width, higher stepping cadence, and increased velocity. Additionally, coefficient of variation ratios indicated that children with ADHD produced greater variability of velocity, cadence, and step time for all walking conditions, and greater variability for stride length when walking at an increased stepping rate. Results were interpreted in terms of clinical significance and practical ramifications that inform rehabilitation specialists in designing therapies that ameliorate the reported gait deficits. |
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