An Experimental Study Using the Ophthalm-O-Graph and Metron-O-Scope in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Reading Defects

Changes in self-esteem and belief in internal versus external control of reinforcement (skill versus chance) were investigated among 24 black male and female youngsters, aged 12 through 19, from diverse backgrounds and geographical locations. Age, socioeconomic status, geographical location, and achievement in flight training were varied. Results showed significant gains in self-esteem by Ss under 16 years of age (p < .05) and Ss from middle income families (p < .005). There was no significant change in belief in internal versus external control among any of the subgroups.