Developmental Changes in the Basis of Associational Contamination Thinking |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Ochanomizu University, Kitaku, Tokyo, Japan;1. Private Practice: Miami Dermatology and Laser Institute, 7800 Southwest 87th Avenue, Suite B200, Miami, FL 33173, USA;2. Baptist Hospital, Miami, FL, USA;3. Dermatology Faculty, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA;4. 7800 Southwest 87th Avenue, Suite B200, Miami, FL 33173, USA;1. Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics and Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China;2. School of Electronic Engineering, Nanjing XiaoZhuang University, Hongjing Road, Nanjing 211171, China;3. Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, CAS, 2 West Beijing Rood, Nanjing 210008, China;4. School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Rood 1239, Shanghai 200092, China;5. Lunar and Planetary Science Laboratory, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, China;1. Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom;2. Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan;3. Center for Baby Science, Doshisha University, 4-1-1 Kizugawadai, Kizugawa, Kyoto, 619-0225, Japan;1. Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey;2. Turkish-German University, Department of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, The Institute of the Graduate Studies in Science and Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey;3. Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Centre of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Heidelberg, Germany;1. School of Optometry, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China;2. Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China |
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| Abstract: | Three experiments evaluated the basis of associational contamination thinking among Japanese college students and 4- and 7-year-old children. “Associational contamination thinking” is the belief that mere proximity between a contaminant and a substance will render the substance noxious even without direct contact between contaminants and substances. In Experiment 1, 7-year-olds and adults engaged in associational contamination thinking more often for disgusting (feces and roaches) and dangerous (poison and O-157) contaminants than for taste contaminants (salt and sugar). However, 4-year-olds' predictions were not different among the three types of contaminants. In Experiment 2, when contaminants were assumed to have some biological properties, both adults and 7-year-olds were somewhat more likely to engage in associational contamination thinking; however, such a relation was not found in 4-year-olds. Younger children's similar thinking with related to all contaminants was not attributable to ignorance of the necessity of physical contact. Instead, it appeared to be due in part to overreliance on perceptual cues, as was suggested in Experiment 3. |
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