驾驶决策的研究现状与展望

驾驶决策是驾驶员对不同交通场景进行判断、选择，并产生驾驶行为的过程。驾驶决策的研究起源于人因工程学，并随着认知心理学的发展而逐渐受到关注。驾驶决策的研究范式主要采用心理测量与实验法；并与年龄、性别、风险感知、情绪以及决策风格相关；为了有效防止交通事故的发生，驾驶决策的改善逐步成为研究的新热点。今后的研究可以从认知与情绪角度综合探讨适合中国国情的驾驶决策的结构与特征，以提高驾驶员的决策能力。

The Development and Prospect of Researches on Driving Decision-making

Driving decision-making is a process where drivers make the right driving choices and behaviour by responding to different traffic situations. It derives from Ergonomics and its inevitable tools are computers. Accordingly, driving-related problems will be solved through the interactive way between human and machine. With the development of Cognitive Psychology, the relevant researches have been connected with psychology and became the centre of traffic psychology in recent years. In the course of studies, the researchers began to emphasize the role that drivers'' psychological factors played in driving decision-making, and to explore the mechanism on how it works. The most important thing is to figure out what psychology can do in improving the driving decision-making ability. The studies of driving decision-making has went through three periods: behaviour modeling, psychological measurements and empirical research. Driving decision-making was put forward for the first time in the period of behaviour modeling, when the researchers added motivational factors in driving behaviours based on Ergonomics. Then, in the period of psychological measurements, the studies focused on analysing the factors that affected driving decision-making by constructing scales. Due to the improvements of the experimental methods, the researchers began to use behavioral experiments, eye movements or EEG to analyse the structure of driving decision-making in the period of empirical research. It was in this period that the researchers got some fruitful results. They came to a conclusion that its structure was in line with the dual decision-making model, and it was, at the same time, affected by both cognitive and emotional factors.The previous studies have revealed that driving decision-making was influenced by age, gender, risk perception, emotion as well as decision-making style. Generally speaking, in driving, young drivers will take more risk than adults, female drivers'' decision-making are more prone to be affected by emotion. In the Iowa Gambling Task, female drivers'' neural activities are more active. Driver, whose risk perception ability is higher, is easier to make correct driving decisions and they tend to have less risky behaviors. When the emotional state reaches to a critical level, it will affect the decision-making, too. Decision-making style is the habitual way of behavior; it has a stable impact on the process of making decisions in different traffic situations.The purpose of traffic psychology is to prevent accidents and decrease the lost of casualty, thus making the improvements of driving decision-making became a newly-emerged field in China. Improving drivers'' risk perception ability, as has been proved in some studies overseas, is a possible and tentative way. In the future, researchers should further the studies by focusing on the following three aspects: (a) analyze its structure and process from a cognitive or emotional perspective; (b) improve driving decision-making ability through training; (c) explore its features under the context of China''s unique traffic culture so as to make it serve our drivers as early as possible.