Sources of avoidance motivation: Valence effects from physical effort and mental rotation |
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Authors: | Ezequiel Morsella Giles H Feinberg Sepeedeh Cigarchi James W Newton Lawrence E Williams |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University (SFSU), 1600 Holloway Avenue, EP 301, San Francisco, CA 94132-4168, USA;(2) Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA;(3) Leeds School of Business, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA |
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Abstract: | When reaching goals, organisms must simultaneously meet the overarching goal of conserving energy. According to the law of least effort, organisms will select the means associated with the least effort. The mechanisms underlying this bias remain unknown. One
hypothesis is that organisms come to avoid situations associated with unnecessary effort by generating a negative valence
toward the stimuli associated with such situations. Accordingly, merely using a dysfunctional, ‘slow’ computer mouse causes
participants to dislike ambient neutral images (Study 1). In Study 2, nonsense shapes were liked less when associated with
effortful processing (135° of mental rotation) versus easier processing (45° of rotation). Complementing ‘fluency’ effects
found in perceptuo-semantic research, valence emerged from action-related processing in a principled fashion. The findings
imply that negative valence associations may underlie avoidance motivations, and have practical implications for educational/workplace
contexts in which effort and positive affect are conducive to success. |
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Keywords: | |
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