Questions of times: Conflicting time scales in historical perspective

The idea of ``Jewish' time highlights many problems related to the conflict between Judaism and Christianity. This paper focuses on two points: the reckoning of the Jewish era and the interpretation of the notion of time in the Bible. Jewish time pulsates to a rhythm of temporal markers which also divide it into secular and religious time. This division, however, this dual register of temporality, also enables Jews to alternate a ``Jewish' register with a ``universal' one. Traditional Jewish sources indicate that the principle of determining the date by calculating from the creation of the world (anno mundi) appeared during the period of the Second Temple. The question of elapsed time, deduced from different readings of the Biblical text, launched Jews and Christians on parallel lines of time. The history of the genesis of the notion of time asserts that the circular representation of temporality, sometimes called indigenous to ancient societies, was replaced by a representation that was vertical, then linear. These stages served as a scale for measuring the progress and evolution of societies. The Christian notion was supposed to characterize European time as an ``infinite line' along which events are placed, in contrast to Israelite time, identifiable through its contents, and in which time is ``full' and concrete, with no room for (re)ordering or arranging its episodes. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.