外来务工女性刻板印象威胁的应对策略与认同管理

为了探讨外来务工女性群体刻板印象威胁的应对策略和认同管理，从天津市WX社区通过滚雪球抽样方法选取124名外来务工女性作为被试，采用问卷调查的形式，测查了外来务工女性群体刻板印象应对策略和认同管理模式，尤其考察了认同基线水平、认同融合、否定策略和榜样策略对于应对和认同管理的有效性。结果表明：（1）外来务工女性群体具有双重认同趋势；具有较高城市认同融合的外来务工女性群体具有显著的认同维护倾向；（2）不同印象管理水平的外来务工女性对否定策略的使用差异性很小，反而是刻板印象威胁的长期性和暴露性是引发否定策略的重要因素；（3）角色榜样成功的应得性对外来务工女性城市认同感的提高具有积极效应；（4）城市务工年数和收入成为这一群体城市认同的主要影响因素。

Coping Strategies and Identity Management of Stereotype Threat of Rural-to-Urban Female Migrants

Stereotype threat has become one of the most widely studied topics of the past decade in social psychology. The concept of stereotype threat is a situational predicament where individuals are at risk, by dint of their actions or behaviors, of confirming negative stereotypes about their groups. It is the resulting sense that one might be judged or treated in terms of a negative stereotype. In 2003, Steele and Aronson’s seminal article on the subject was named a modern classic. In the years since the publication of Steele and Aronson’s article, many articles have followed and documented the generalizability of the stereotype threat effect to a broad array of groups and domains of activity. Studies have observed the effect of stereotype threat on performance. In fact, very fem studies have gone beyond performance to examine some of the other important consequences of stereotype threat. Our research has recognized this omission and started addressing a crucial subject. The term ”rural-to-urban migrants” in the Chinese context refers to farmers-turned-workers who used to be farmers but have now left the countryside to find jobs or a better life in the cities. Although the migrants play an indispensable role in the economic growth in China, they are frequently portrayed negatively by citizens. The migrants also face challenges in relation to attitudes of indigenous urban-dwellers. Rural-to-urban migrants often perceive or experience much discrimination because of their socioeconomic status, language and ethnicity.The general aim of our researches was to investigate the effects and coping strategies of stereotype threat of rural-to-urban female migrants. In this study, we selected Tianjin, a major city located in the northeast of China, as our study site. The sample consisted of 124 rural-to-urban female migrants recruited using a snowballing technique. The present research, consisting of four co-relational studies, investigated coping strategies and identity management of stereotype threat of rural-to-urban female migrants. Study 1 began with measure of identity fusion to explore Chinese female rural-to-urban participants’ city identity and country identity. The results indicated that female participants’ city identity was significantly lower the identity of rural in baseline. Study 2 used the measure of stereotype threat and measure of impression management to test coping strategies and identity management. It showed when facing the stereotype threat of city identity, the city identity of participants who had high impression management improve no significantly, but the rural identity had a significant decline, otherwise both of them are not significant of low impression management. In study 3, we used the measure of extreme behavior. The results found that participants of high city identity had more city identifying behaviors than low city identity participants. Years of working in the cities and income influenced city identity. And in the study 4, measure of role model was adopted. The results showed that the city identities of participants who receive deserving role model subscale improve significantly, and had a significant decline of rural identity. Therefore, the results suggest that female migrant workers tend to use negative coping strategies to cope with city identity stereotype threat, and have a reasonable expectation to their self-identity when facing different types of role model.