团体心理治疗中凝聚力的概念及测量研究述评

团体心理治疗中的凝聚力最初多被定义为人际信任、吸引和卷入，随着研究的深入，凝聚力的概念逐渐向多维的方向发展。对凝聚力的测量主要有MacKenzie的团体氛围量表、Lese等的治疗因素-凝聚力分量表及Piper的凝聚力量表等。目前团体心理治疗领域的研究对凝聚力的认识缺乏一致性。从凝聚力的概念建构着手，探索团体心理治疗过程，开发评估工具，构建系统的理论和模型，是值得国内研究者关注的方向。

A Review of Research on Conception and Measurement of Cohesion in Group Psychotherapy

Cohesion is the key cure factor in group psychotherapy research area, which is the counterpart of the therapy alliance in individual psychotherapy. At the beginning of group cohesion research, cohesion is defined as attraction-to-group and interpersonal attraction, which is operationalized as interpersonal trust, attraction and involvement.With more and more understanding on cohesion, researchers began to combine different aspects to explore cohesion in multidimensional perspective. There were mainly three angles of view. One was about the structure of cohesion, based on the analysis to member-member, member-group, and member-leader relationships. Another was about the content of cohesion, such as Stokes’ viewpoint, he thought that cohesion in therapy group include the group attraction to individual member, the instrumental value of the group, and risk-taking behaviors that occur in the group; Braaten proposes a 5-factor-model of group cohesion: attraction and bonding, support and caring, listening and empathy, self-disclosure and feedback, and process performance and goal attainment. There was still a third view that exploring cohesion from both the structure and content, for example, Johnson found a three-dimensional-structure-model of cohesion, they are positive relationship, positive working relationship, negative relationship, respectively.Hornsey put forward that the social psychology theory can be integrated into group psychotherapy research, based on social identity theory and other theories, he proposed that "group identification", "in-group homogeneity", "task interdependence" and others can replace the conception of cohesion, but this construct still need further empirical support. Social identity theory provides a good perspective to explore cognitive level of group cohesion, the traditional view of group attraction lays the foundation for emotional level of cohesion, and goal congruence is helpful for exploring motivational level, all of above provide a new possibility for developing cohesion conception through the integration of these theories.There are many kinds of cohesion measurement tools developed by foreign researchers, but theories no consistency between them which result in the cohesion studies lacking comparability which leads to disadvantage influence on further research. At present, the group climate questionnaire-short form (GCQ-S), therapeutic factors inventory-cohesiveness scale (TFI), and cohesion to the therapist scale (CTS) are the tools recommended by American group psychotherapy association (AGPA) to evaluate the group process among those standardized measures to evaluate the clinical effect However, there is no consensus on the definition of cohesion, and systematic theory and model is also undeveloped. Domestic group psychotherapy researches still remain in effect research stage. It is worth domestic researchers concerning about the direction that exploring group psychotherapy process, developing assessment tools, building systematic theory and model.