Recognizing speech under a processing load: Dissociating energetic from informational factors |
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Authors: | Sven L. Mattys Joanna Brooks |
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Affiliation: | a Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, 12a Priory Road, Bristol BS8 1TU, UK b Psychology Department, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK c Ikerbasque (Basque Science Foundation), Alameda Urquijo, 36-5 Plaza Bizkaia, 48011 Bilbao, Spain d Departamento de Electricidad y Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco, 48940 Leioa, Spain |
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Abstract: | Effects of perceptual and cognitive loads on spoken-word recognition have so far largely escaped investigation. This study lays the foundations of a psycholinguistic approach to speech recognition in adverse conditions that draws upon the distinction between energetic masking, i.e., listening environments leading to signal degradation, and informational masking, i.e., listening environments leading to depletion of higher-order, domain-general processing resources, independent of signal degradation. We show that severe energetic masking, such as that produced by background speech or noise, curtails reliance on lexical-semantic knowledge and increases relative reliance on salient acoustic detail. In contrast, informational masking, induced by a resource-depleting competing task (divided attention or a memory load), results in the opposite pattern. Based on this clear dissociation, we propose a model of speech recognition that addresses not only the mapping between sensory input and lexical representations, as traditionally advocated, but also the way in which this mapping interfaces with general cognition and non-linguistic processes. |
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Keywords: | Psycholinguistics Spoken-word recognition Speech segmentation Processing load Energetic masking Informational masking |
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