Mental health in retired professional football players: 12-month incidence,adverse life events and support |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Academic Center for Evidence Based Sports Medicine (ACES), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;2. St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan;3. Amsterdam Collaboration for Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), Academic Medical Center / VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;4. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;5. World Players'' Union (FIFPro), Hoofddorp, The Netherlands;6. Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (ESSM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa;1. School of Sport & Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4AG, United Kingdom;2. School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NP, United Kingdom;1. Department of Psychology, Springfield College, Springfield, MA 01109, USA;2. Department of Psychology, Springfield College, USA;1. Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark;2. University of Toronto, Canada;3. Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 145, 3012, Bern, Switzerland;1. Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana;2. Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology, School of Education, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana;3. Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana;4. Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana;5. Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana;6. Program in Neuroscience, College of Arts and Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana;7. Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana;1. Division of Mental Health Nursing and Counselling, Abertay University, Dundee, United Kingdom;2. NHS Fife, Hayfield House, Hayfield Road, Kirkcaldy, Fife, United Kingdom;3. General Adult Psychiatry, Dundee Health and Social Care Partnership, Tayside, United Kingdom |
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| Abstract: | ObjectivesThe primary aim was to explore the incidence of symptoms of common mental disorders (CMD; distress, sleep disturbance, anxiety/depression, adverse alcohol use) in retired professional football players and to explore the association between adverse life events and the onset of symptoms of CMD. The secondary aim was to get an insight into the views and needs of retired professional football players on medical support related to symptoms of CMD.DesignAn observational prospective cohort study with three measurements over a follow-up period of twelve months was conducted among retired professional football players.MethodThe data for symptoms of CMD and adverse life events was collected by using validated questionnaires. The views and needs were explored by means of five questions.ResultsThe 12-month incidence of symptoms of CMD (self-reported and not clinically diagnosed) ranged from 11 to 29%. Retired professional football players with one or two life events were 1.7 times more likely to report distress than retired football players with no life events. The risk with three or more recent life events on sleep disturbance was more than 4.5 times higher than with no recent life events.ConclusionsThe 12-months incidence of symptoms of CMD in retired professional football players seems high compared to the general population. More life events showed a higher risk of experiencing distress and sleep disturbance in retired professional football players. The views and needs showed that there is a need for support for current and former professional football players. |
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| Keywords: | Incidence Common mental disorders Life events Retired professional football players |
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