The effects of open vs. specific goals on flow and clutch states in a cognitive task |
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| Affiliation: | 1. School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong 2522, NSW, Australia;2. Early Start Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong 2522, NSW, Australia;1. University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Health Psychology Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK;2. Columbia University, Psychology Dept., 219 Schermerhorn Ext, 1190 Amsterdam Avenue MC: 5501, New York, NY 10027, USA;3. University of Zurich, Department of Psychology, Applied Social and Health Psychology, Binzmuehlestrasse 14/Box 14, CH-8050 Zurich, Switzerland;4. Trauma, Health, and Hazards Center, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO 80933-7150, USA;5. SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Department in Wroclaw, 30b Ostrowskiego St, 53-238 Wroclaw, Poland;1. School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Cox Street, Coventry, CV1 5FB, United Kingdom;2. School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Ashby Road, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, United Kingdom;1. School of Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia, 210-6081 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada;2. College of Kinesiology, Physical Activity Complex, University of Saskatchewan, 87 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B2, Canada;1. Brunel University London, UK;2. University of Wolverhampton, UK;3. City College Norwich, UK;1. Department of Business Administration, Guilford Glazer Faculty of Business and Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel;2. Zinman College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Wingate Institute, Israel |
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| Abstract: | ObjectivesRecent qualitative evidence suggests that two optimal psychological states (flow and clutch) underlie excellent performance in sport. That research further suggests that the type of goal pursued influences which state is experienced. This study aimed to examine the effects of goal types (i.e., open, specific, and do-your-best goals) on flow and clutch states during performance in a cognitive task, which was developed and has been used in sport. Secondary aims were to investigate the effects of goal types on objective and subjective performance, confidence, and perceived challenge.DesignThis study employed a repeated measure design (mixed model).MethodParticipants (N = 95; Mage = 24.89, SD = 9.27) were randomised to one of three goal conditions and asked to perform a Letter and Number Identification Task, which was repeated for six attempts.ResultsParticipants prescribed open or do-your-best goals experienced significantly higher levels of flow than those prescribed specific goals, who conversely experienced significantly higher levels of clutch states. Participants assigned specific goals performed significantly better than those prescribed open or do-your-best goals. Those assigned open or do-your-best-goals reported greater perceived performance, higher confidence, and feeling more optimally challenged.ConclusionsThese findings provide experimental support for the role of goal types in determining flow and clutch states, and further understanding of the psychological effects of these goal types. Implications are discussed, and recommendations are made for future research into the role of goals in experiencing flow and clutch states in sport and exercise. |
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| Keywords: | Experimental design Goal-setting Optimal experience Performance |
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