元认知的神经机制:元认知功能、脑区与脑网络

元认知是指个体对当前进行的认知活动的监测和调节。通过对元认知神经机制研究的梳理,归纳出两条研究主线:一条主线以具体元认知加工的脑区激活研究为主,主要考察元认知与认知过程的分离及典型元认知加工的共享性和特异性。研究发现元认知加工主要与前额叶有关,还涉及脑岛、顶叶、颞叶和楔前叶等部分脑区。另一条主线探讨广泛的元认知功能与广泛大脑网络的相关。研究提出了大脑的“元认知网络”的概念,发现脑损伤或病变造成的元认知功能损伤与脑功能网络有关,而非固定在某一特定脑区。建议未来的研究应重视四个方面的研究:元认知加工的具体脑区和脑功能网络,元认知神经机制的分离,元认知脑功能的损伤和元认知训练的改善作用,以及基于神经机制研究的元认知模型的建构与修正。

The Neuromechanism of Metacognition:Metacognitive Function,Brain Region and Network

Metacognition has been broadly defined as the monitoring and adjustment of one's own current cognitive activities.By sorting out the research on the neuromechanism of metacognition,it is found that there are two main lines of research:one main line emphasizes the activation of specific metacognitive processing in brain regions,which mainly investigates the separation of metacognitive and cognitive processes as well as the sharing and specificity of typical metacognitive processing.Studies found that metacognitive processing mainly associated with the frontal lobe,involving the insula,parietal lobe,temporal lobe and precuneus part of the brain.The other main line explores the relationship between extensive metacognitive function and brain functional networks.The research proposed the concept of “metacognitive network” in the brain,and it is found that the metacognitive functional damage caused by brain injuries or pathological changes are related to brain functional network,rather than fixed in a specific brain area.Further studies should focus on four aspects:the specific brain region and brain functional network of metacognitive processing,the separation of metacognitive neuromechanism,the damage of metacognitive brain function and the metacognitive training improvement of metacognitive ability,as well as the construction and modification of metacognitive model based on neuromechanism.