对相容和不相容析取关系下析取句与条件句之间推理的比较

研究析取句和条件句之间的推理能检验推理心理学中的主要理论解释。一个实验考察了析取句和条件句中两个基本成分之间的关系(相容析取与不相容析取)和推理方向(由析取句推条件句与由条件句推析取句)对析取句与其等值的条件句之间推理的影响。结果发现,推理方向的影响取决于条件句和析取句中基本成分间的关系,在不相容析取关系下的推理成绩好于在相容析取关系下的推理成绩。现有的推理理论不能解释被试的整体反应模式,作者提出的特殊知识启发式与一般的句法意义对比启发式的竞争能统一解释被试的主导反应模式。

The Comparison of Inferences between Disjunctions and Conditionals in Compatible and Incompatible Disjunctive Relations

How people make inferences between disjunctions and conditionals is a current important question that can test existing main psychological accounts for propositional reasoning.In order to test these accounts,one experiment investigated how relations and inference directions affect human inferences between both.Tworelationships between two basic components(A and B)havebeenstudied,andtheyare inclusive disjunctions and exclusive disjunctions.There were also two inference directions in disjunctions(e.g.,A or B; not-A or B)and conditionals(e.g.,if not-A then B; if A then B)havebeenstudied,and they are disjunction-to-conditional and conditional-to-disjunction.It was found that participants' inferenceswere symmetric between the two inference directions in compatible relations and incompatible relations where two basic components were on different dimensions,but not in the other relations.Belief biases also affected participants' inferences.Which of the two inference directions was easier depended on relations between two basic components,and so was relative.The present overall response pattern is beyond all the existing accounts for inferences between disjunctions and conditionals.The competition between the special knowledge heuristic and the general syntactic meaning comparison heuristic proposed by the author can explain the present dominant responses.